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Intro to Criminology > Module 8: sociological theories of crime > Flashcards

Module 8: sociological theories of crime Flashcards

1
Q

Durkiem and Anomie theory

A

societies could be placed along a continum ranging from mechanical to organic.

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2
Q

Durkiem and Anomie theory: Mechanical societies

A

primitive, consisting of many small, isolated social groups who are self sufficient

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3
Q

Durkiem and Anomie theory: Organic societies

A

highly complex work and social relationships, specialised forms of labour exist, along with highly interactive relationships

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4
Q

Durkiem and Anomie theory: Mechanical societies: solidarity

A

solidarity achieved through uniformity of members, with members exerting pressure on each other to conform

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5
Q

Durkiem and Anomie theory: Organic societies: Solidarity

A

law serve to regulate interactions between groups

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6
Q

Anomie

A

the breakdown of social norms

- exists when social norms no longer control the activity of group members, can lead to many consequences like deviance

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7
Q

Durkheim Positive crime theory

A

that crime is normal in societies and has positive benefits such as it shows unacceptable behaviours, highlights social causes of crime and creates solidarity

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8
Q

Sociological ecology of crime

A

uses durkheim theory
focuses on the effects of mass immigrations and consequent disorder upon crime
states that each city is characterised by concentric zones

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9
Q

Sociological ecology of crime - inner zones

A

found that inner zones 1 and 2 have the highest crime rates as immigration disrupted usual processes of social control resulting in disorganization

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10
Q

Sociological ecology of crime - outer zones

A

people in outer zones are more law abiding and more organised

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11
Q

Merton and Structural strain

A

using durkheims theory
focuses on social system and how it produces social norms
argues that society emphasises certain goals and these goals are attained be either legitimate or illegitimate ways
focuses on economic crime rather than violent crime

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12
Q

Merton and Structural strain - primary goal

A

wealth and financial success, emphasised by society

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13
Q

Merton and Structural strain - legitimate ways of achievement

A

through education and employment

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14
Q

Merton and Structural strain - anomie

A

results from imbalance between societal goals and the means of acheiving them resulting in strain and deviance

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15
Q

Merton and Structural strain - adaption response

A 
members of society employ several different methods in response to anomie 
conformity 
ritualism 
retreatment 
rebellion 
innovation
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16
Q

Merton and Structural strain - adaption response - conformity

A

accept the cultural goals and means of attaining them, most common

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17
Q

Merton and Structural strain - adaption response - ritualism

A

accepts means, but rejects cultural goals

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18
Q

Merton and Structural strain - adaption response - retreatment

A

rejects both cultural goals and means ( outcasts, drunks and drug addicts)

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19
Q

Merton and Structural strain - adaption response - rebellion

A

rejects goals and means and substitutes with new ones (bikies)

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20
Q

Merton and Structural strain - adaption response - innovation

A

goals are important but the means of attaining them arent

most important adaption as people adopting non socially approved means of meeting cultural (stealing and fraud)

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21
Q

Social control theories

A

focus on why people dont commit crime
argues that society places restraints upon behaviour and when social restriants break down that is when criminal behaviour occurs

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22
Q

Social control theories - conformity

A

the more tightly people are tied to community the less likely they are to commit a crime

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23
Q

Social control theories - social bond controls

A

social bonds consist of 4 types of control

  • attachment
  • commitment
  • belief
  • involvement
24
Q

Social control theories - social bond controls - attachment

A

attachment to other members of society facilitates internalising of society norms

25
Q

Social control theories - social bond controls - commitment

A

commitment to culturally approved goals

26
Q

Social control theories - social bond controls - belief

A

belief in societies rules

27
Q

Social control theories - social bond controls - involvement

A

involvement in conventional activities, constrains opportunties to commit crime and strengthens social bonds

28
Q

conflict theories

A

emerged in 1960’s
recognises that there are various groups in society and that they have conflicting interests, needs and values conflict therefore arises when groups are in competition for power or resources

29
Q

Conflict theory - Pluralist theories

A

recognises society is composed of different groups that compete for power and resources to advance or maintain their interests

30
Q

Conflict Theory - class conflict theory

A

originates from work of Karl Marx
capitalist society structured into capitalist class and workers
class derive power from owning means of production and exploit labour of workers
uneven distribution of wealth and power seen as source of conflict

31
Q

Conflict theory - reiman theory

A 
applied Marx analysis 
lower socioeconomic classes are the ones who are charged, arrested and imprisoned for street crime 
upper class offending is treated less severely
if a behaviour is committed predominantly by middle and upperclass. it is less likely to be criminalised
32
Q

Feminist theories

A

origins in conflict theory, examines importance of gender
emerged 1970
argues that women are afforded less power in society and structural disadvantaged
focuses on how gender impacts female offenders and victims and institutionalised inequality and discrimination towards women

33
Q

Symbolic interaction- central premise

A

interactions we have with others influence how we see each other

34
Q

Symbolic Interactions

A

people act towards things on the basis of meanings they have for that thing
meanings are formed and shaped through interacting with other people
meanings are handled and modified through an interpreative process

35
Q

George herbert Mead:

A

behaviour is the productive of social circumstances and how the person understands those circumstances

36
Q

Interactionist Approaches

A 
4 approaches 
differential association
social learning theory 
labelling 
Neutralisation
37
Q

Differential Association

A

sutherland 1939 had 9 propositions of differential association

38
Q

Differential Association - 1

A

criminal behaviour is learned

39
Q

Differential Association - 2

A

Criminal behaviour is learned in interactions with other people in a process of communication

40
Q

Differential Association - 3

A

the principal part of learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal

41
Q

Differential Association - 4

A

when criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes (a) technique of committing the crime, which sometimes is very complicated, sometimes very simple.
(b) the specific direction of motives \, drives, rationalisations and attitudes

42
Q

Differential Association - 5

A

the specific direction of motives and drives is learnt from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable

43
Q

Differential Association -6

A

a person becomes deliquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law

44
Q

Differential Association - 7

A

Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity

45
Q

Differential Association - 8

A

the process of learning criminal behaviour by associations with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning

46
Q

Differential Association - 9

A

while criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non criminal behaviour is an expression of the same needs and values

47
Q

Social learning theory

A

examines both the content and process of what is learned
extended sutherlands work
incorporated concepts from operant conditioning and classical conditoning

48
Q

Labeling

A

criminal behaviour results from negative social reactions to behaviour deemed criminal
2 forms - primary and secondary

49
Q

Labeling - primary deviance

A

initial criminal/ deviant behaviour

50
Q

Labeling - secondary deviance

A

reaction to primary deviance, particular by powerful others, leads to further criminal behaviour

51
Q

Neutralisation

A

people engage in crime when they can temporarily drift form, and can neutralise social controls and expectations
requires some interactions with delinquent others to learn techniques of neutralisation

52
Q

% techniques of neutralisation

A 
denial of responsibility 
denial of injury
denial of victims 
condemnation of condemers 
appeal to higher loyalites
53
Q

Integrating theories

A

no single theory can account for the all offenders and all types of offending behaviour

54
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

argued that the most effective response to crime was punishment as people have free will and act rationally to maximise pleasure and minimize pain, crime becomes attractive when it requires less work effort than lawful means of attaining pleasure

55
Q

pathological perspective

A

criminals could be identified by physical traits that in part explained their life of crime

56
Q

Functionalism

A

framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
each social structure has social functions or consequences

57
Q

Functionalism - 5 social structure

A 
religion
family
economy 
politics 
education

Intro to Criminology (13 decks)

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