Module 8 - Lesson 2

Question 1

Dreams

Answer 1

“Hallucinations of the sleeping mind.” While you sleep, the brain produces emotions, imagery, and thoughts, which are often inaccurate or impossible. It is hard to recall dreams after a while.

Question 2

Manifest Content

Answer 2

The remembered storyline of a dream, according to Freud. This is different than underlying meaning of a dream.

Question 3

Latent Content

Answer 3

The hidden meaning of a dream, according to Freud.

Question 4

REM Rebound

Answer 4

REM sleep tends to increase after a period of REM deprivation

Question 5

Hypnosis

Answer 5

A hypnotist makes suggests to a person that may seem impossible to deny, such as telling you to close your eyes tightly and saying you will be unable to open them.

Question 6

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Answer 6

A suggestion that a hypnotist makes that should/will be acted on after the person is no longer hypnotized.

Question 7

Dissociation

Answer 7

A split between the different levels of consciousness. It is a feeling of disconnection between thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and surroundings, such as mentally separating the feeling of pain from extreme cold during hypnosis

Question 8

Psychoactive Drug

Answer 8

Chemicals that altar moods and perceptions

Question 9

Tolerance

Answer 9

An effect that occurs as increased amounts of a drug are taken that diminishes the drug’s effect over time, requiring the user to take larger doses over time

Question 10

Withdrawal

Answer 10

The uncomfortable feeling and cravings for an addictive drug after a person has stopped taking it

Question 11

Physical Dependence

Answer 11

A physiological need for a drug. This means that without it, the person experiences unpleasant symptoms

Question 12

Psychological Dependence

Answer 12

A psychological need to use a drug, such as relieving negative emotions

Question 13

Addiction

Answer 13

Drug cravings that drive the usage of the drug despite consequences

Question 14

Depressants

Answer 14

Drugs that reduce neural/brain activity and slow reactions and body functions

Question 15

Barbituates

Answer 15

Drugs that depress CNS activity, which can decrease anxiety, but impair memory and judgement

Question 16

Opiates

Answer 16

Opium and drugs that are derived from it (e.g., morphine) that depress neural activity to reduce pain and anxiety

Question 17

Stimulants

Answer 17

The opposite of depressants. Drugs that increase neural activity and speed up body functions. These can range from caffeine to cocaine.

Question 18

Amphetamines

Answer 18

Drugs that stimulate neural activity to speed up body functions and cause energy and mood changes

Question 19

Methamphetamine

Answer 19

An addictive drug that stimulates the CNS to speed up body functions and change their associated mood and energy levels. It may drop baseline dopamine levels over time

Question 20

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 20

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that can produce euphoria and social intimacy, but can pose health risks and harm serotonin-producing neurons. It can also damage mood and cognition (brain function)

Question 21

Hallucinogens

Answer 21

Psychedelic; cause hallucinations and can distort perceptions

Question 22

LSD

Answer 22

Lysergic acid diethylamide. A hallucinogen also known as acid

Question 23

THC

Answer 23

Active ingredient in marijuana that can lead to a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Question 24

Near-Death Experience

Answer 24

Altered state of consciousness that is reported after a close brush with death that is similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Question 25

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Dream Theory

Answer 25

Freud proposed that our dreams are like filters, and that our manifest (remembered) contest is just a disguise for our deeper, more destructive, and often sexual desires. It has a lack of scientific support and dreams may be interpreted in different ways.

Question 26

Information Processing Dream Theory

Answer 26

Proposes that dreams are a way to store the day’s memories and experiences. Brain scans have confirmed links between REM sleep and memories, which are thought to be encoded during sleep.

Question 27

Physiological Function Dream Theory

Answer 27

Suggests that dreams provide neural stimulation to maintain neural pathways; makes developmental sense (think of babies!)

Question 28

Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory

Answer 28

Brainstem activity is random, and the brain creates dreams to try and interpret the activity In other word, it turns our randomly visual memories into stories.

Question 29

Cognitive Development Dream Theory

Answer 29

Dreams are part of brain maturation and change and get more complex as we get older

Question 30

What is age-regression in hypnosis?

Answer 30

The supposed ability to relive our lost childhood experiences through hypnosis

Question 31

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?

Answer 31

When researchers created a control group and told them to pretend they were hypnotized, they performed the same dangerous actions as a person who was hypnotized. The result was that an authoritative figure can cause people to do apparently dangerous or unlikely things, whether hypnotized or not.

Question 32

How can hypnotherapy affect a patient’s healing?

Answer 32

Treatment supplemented with hypnosis has shown to be much more effective than treatment alone, although addictions such as smoking have not responded well to it. In other studies, healing with treatment with and without hypnosis occurred at a similar rate.

Question 33

How does hypnosis affect pain?

Answer 33

It can provide great pain relief and smoother surgical procedures (before, during, and after) and reduce sensitivity to pain.

Question 34

Social Influence Theory of Hypnosis

Answer 34

Suggests that altered states of consciousness are just extensions of normal social behavior (we are more likely to do encouraged things and less likely to do things that make us look bad)

Question 35

What was Ernest Hilgard’s beliefs concerning hypnosis and dissociation? Can it be proved or disproved?

Answer 35

Since people could more easily divide the actions and reactions of their minds during hypnosis (e.g., can more easily state the color “green” if the word “red” were colored green), making it a state of divided consciousness, or dissociation. Can be disproved due to our two-track minds; our unconscious processes what our conscious mind does not.

Question 36

How can selective attention affect our state of mind in terms of hypnotic pain relief?

Answer 36

If our focus is on something other than the pain, such as on winning a football game instead, we can feel less pain.

Question 37

Unified Account of Hypnosis

Answer 37

Both social influence and divided consciousness (our conscious mind and our automatic actions, for example) influence the effectiveness of hypnosis

Question 38

How does alcohol consumption affect memory?

Answer 38

Alcohol can suppress REM sleep (when memories are encoded or relived), making a drinker’s memories of the day before a bit hazy, or nonexistent