Module 5 - Lesson 1

Question 1

Adaptability

Answer 1

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Question 3

Associative Learning

Answer 3

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Question 4

Conditioning

Answer 4

The process of learned associations

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

We learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.

Question 6

Explain classical conditioning in seeing lighting and hearing thunder.

Answer 6

Seeing lightning and hearing thunder afterwards connects the two events in our minds. The next time we see lightning, we will anticipate thunder.

Question 7

When a response diminishes after repeated exposure to the same stimuli, we say the response __________.

Answer 7

Habituates

Question 8

Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequences and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.

Question 9

A rancher attaches an electronic pager to his cow. When it beeps, food is brought to them. What type of conditioning is this?

Answer 9

Classical conditioning

Question 10

Observational Learning

Answer 10

We learn from others’ experiences.

Question 11

Behaviorism

Answer 11

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree that it should be an objective science, but not that it should have no reference to mental processes.

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 12

A psychologist famous for his early twentieth-century experiments on conditioning.

Question 13

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 13

A stimulus that an organism can see or hear, but does not associate with a specific stimulus (eg. a bell unassociated with food in Pavlov’s experiments)

Question 14

What does “UR” stand for?

Answer 14

Unconditioned Response

Question 15

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 15

In classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Question 16

What does “US” stand for?

Answer 16

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 17

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 17

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.

Question 18

What does “CR” stand for?

Answer 18

Conditioned Response

Question 19

Conditioned Response

Answer 19

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

Question 20

What does “CR” stand for?

Answer 20

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 21

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 21

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Question 22

The presentation of a neutral stimulus before an unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to the creation of a ___________ ________.

Answer 22

Conditioned response

Question 23

Acquisition (define for classical conditioning and operant conditioning)

Answer 23

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response; the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship.

Question 24

Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps animals _______ for good or bad events.

Answer 24

Prepare

Question 25

____________ helps an animals survive and resproduce.

Answer 25

Conditioning

Question 26

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 26

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a new (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Also called second-order conditioning.

Question 27

Extinction

Answer 27

The diminished response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (eg. a tone) no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus (eg. food).

Question 28

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 28

The reappearance of a (weakened) conditioned response after a pause

Question 29

What does spontaneous recovery suggest?

Answer 29

Spontaneous recovery suggests that extinction is the suppression of a conditioned response, not the elimination of it.

Question 30

Generalization

Answer 30

The tendency to respond to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (eg. Pavlov’s dogs responding to a similar tone that they were not conditioned with)

Question 31

Discrimination

Answer 31

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned response (eg. Pavlov’s dogs respond to a particular tone, but not other tones).

Question 32

Predictability

Answer 32

How predictable something is in the presentation of a stimulus. The more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response.

Question 33

Expectancy

Answer 33

An awareness of how likely it is that the unconditioned stimulus will occur

Question 34

Ecologically Relevant

Answer 34

Something similar to a stimuli associated with sexual activity in the natural environment (eg. the stuffed head of a female quail). Conditioning is stronger and faster when the conditioned stimulus is ecologically relevant.

Question 35

________ enable animals to adapt to their environments

Answer 35

Learning

Question 36

Why is Pavlov’s work important?

Answer 36

Pavlov introduced and proved the idea that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning. Second, Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively.

Question 37

Little Albert, who was made to fear rats by being shown a rat at the same time as hearing a hammer hit metal behind him by John B. Watson, is an example of what type of conditioning?

Answer 37

Classical Conditioning