Module 5 - Lesson 3 Flashcards
Learning
Changes in behavior that are influenced by our experience.
Memory
The encoding, storing, and retrieving of information; learning that has persisted over time.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system (for example, by extracting meaning); get information in to our brain.
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time; retain information.
Retrieval
The procession of getting information out of memory storage; get it back out.
Connectionism
Views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks.
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed that we form memories in three stages:
1) We record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory.
2) We process information into a short-term memory bin, where we encode it through rehearsal.
3) Finally, information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval.
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory
Activated memory that hold a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience.
Working Memory
A new understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Associates new and old information and solves problems.
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Name four things we automatically process information about.
Space (eg. where certain materials appear)
Time (eg. the sequence of the day’s events)
Frequency (eg. how many times you meet someone in a day)
Well-Learned Information (eg. you see a word on the side of delivery truck and can’t help but process its meaning)
At first, new skills require more effort, but in time, they become _________.
Automatic.
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
When trying to remember a list, the amount remembered depends on what two things?
The time spent learning and on your making it meaningful.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Studied learning and forgetfulness; found that when studying a list of nonsense syllables, the more he practiced on day 1, the fewer repetitions he required to relearn it on day 2.
Those who learn quickly also ______ quickly.
Forget.
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Serial Position Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Massed Practice
Cramming; learning a lot of information quickly/all at once. Produces short-term learning.
Distributed Study Time
Produces better long-term recall.
Testing Effect
Repeated quizzing of previously studied material helps in improving learning.
Compare recency effect and primacy effect.
Recency - the last items in a list are still in working memory and are better available for recall.
Primacy - recall is best for the first items in a list. and better remembered for a longer period of time.
True or False: We are more likely to remember exact information as opposed to encoded information.
False. We recall not the literal text we read, but what we encoded.
Visual Encoding
The encoding of picture images.
Acoustic Encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
Semantic Encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
Each of these levels of processing (visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding) has its own _____ ______.
Brain system.
We have especially good recall for information we can meaningfully relate to _________.
Ourselves.
Self-Reference Effect
We have better recall of information that we can meaningfully relate to ourselves.
Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
We more easily remember ________ words, which lend themselves visual mental images, as compared to abstract, low-imagery words.
Concrete.
Rosy Retrospection
People tend to recall events such as a camping holiday more positively than they judged them at the time.
Mnemonic
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Chunking
We more easily recall information when we can organize it into familiar, manageable chunks.
Acronym
Creates a word using the first letter of each of the to-be-remembered items.
Organizing information in hierarchies helps us to ________ information efficiently.
Retrieve.
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
