Module 8 - Intimate partner violence Flashcards
1
Q
Types of violence
A
physical, sexual, financial, emotional (verbal/social)
2
Q
Conflicts tactics scale
A
- Prevalence of intimate partner violence
- 39 items with 5 scales (negotiation, psychological, physical assault, sexual coercion, injury)
3
Q
CTS Criticisms
A
- Doesn’t include all violent acts (specific acts not general constructs)
- Doesn’t account for gender differences (injury differences)
- Doesn’t assess motive (retaliation vs provocation)
4
Q
Theories - Patriarchy
A
- Wife = subordination of females to male control
- Ineffective for treatment
- Abuse = extreme form of patriarchy
- Criticisms: sociological based theory (ignores individual variables), why do some men not abuse, women to men abuse or same-sex relationships
5
Q
Theories - social learning theory (Bandura)
A
- Origins of aggression: observational learning (family, subculture, televised), must place functional value on acquired behavior
- Instigators of aggression: aversive (emotional arousal/anger) + incentive (rewards/control reclaimed)
- Regulators: external punishments (police) + self-punishment (remorse)
- Highly individual centered
- Criticisms: cultural beliefs and values, based on learning alone
6
Q
Theories - nested ecological model
A
- Cultural beliefs and attitudes, social institutions and laws, relationship qualities, psychological and biological factors
- Macrosystem: patriarchal and societal norms
- Exosystem: social structure, employment, peers, society
- Microsystem: communication, conflict management
- Ontogenic factors: psychological and behavioral features of individual (history of abuse, impulsivity, emotion management)
7
Q
Theories - evolutionary
A
- Selective pressure on ancestral human explaining trait origin, development and maintenance
- Losing access to resources (sex) and events threatening that access (flirting)
- GOAL = maintain exclusive access to resources, sole sexual access
- Criticisms: why not justification, highly over-simplified, does not apply to women
8
Q
Cycle of abuse
A
- Tension-building
- Acting out
- Honeymoon
- Causes BWS (form of PTSD
9
Q
Learned helplessness
A
- Submit because hopeless (inevitable punishment), powerless, unable to escape
- Passive to placate abuser
10
Q
Reasons for leaving
A
- Increased abuse severity
- Children witness violence
- Reporting (only 25% report)
- Less fear, high self-esteem and high internal locus of control
11
Q
Reasons for returning
A
- Children (31%)
- Another chance (24%) – increases if treatment completion
- Promise of change (17%)
- Lack of money or place to go (9%) i.e., financial dependence
- No shelter space i.e., would end up homeless
12
Q
BWS criticisms
A
- BWS falsely mentally ill (irrational and unstable)
- Based in gender stereotypes (assumed female passivity, female-prone, hysterical)
- Misapplication of learned helplessness (sudden act of violence)
- Ignores difference between women (physical disadvantage = use of deadly force)
13
Q
BWS as self-defense
A
- Requires: active/imminent threat (best if in explosive stage), no easy means of escape (physical or theoretical, force used proportionate to threat
- Immigrant women (EXAM): fewer connections and smaller network, particularly strong barriers (i.e., language), lack of familiarity
- Uphill battle for expert witnesses
- More believable if tied to DSM but then not guilty by RoI instead of self-defense
14
Q
Assessing BWS
A
- Determine presence of IPV (police reports, hospital records)
- Assess symptoms of BWS through semi-structure interview (rule out malingering)
- Determine state at time of crime
- Report findings
15
Q
Legal outcomes
A
- Expert testimony might harm case if criteria doesn’t fit (means to justify heinous crime?)
- Nullification
16
Q
Animal abuse
A
- 41% committed animal abuse vs 1.5% in general population
- Way of controlling victim
17
Q
Attempts to divide abuse
A
- Reactive: hostile desire to hurt someone, perceived provocation, impulsive reaction born of anger
- Instrumental: calculated, performed to achieve end
18
Q
Typologies (1)
A
- Family-only batterer (50%) – domestic-settings only
- Moderate impulse-control issues
- No psychopathology (maybe passive-dependent personality disorder)
- No other criminal behavior
19
Q
Typologies (2)
A
- Dysphoric/borderline batterer (25%): unhappy, dissatisfied, emotionally volatile
- Confined to family but engage in other criminal behavior
- Moderate impulsivity issues and alcohol/drug use, BPD, severe mental health problems
- Preoccupied attachment style
20
Q
Typologies (3)
A
- Violent/antisocial batterer (25%) – not confined to home so violent across most contexts
- Moderate to severe violence – psychological and sexual abuse
- Antisocial and narcissistic
- Drug/alcohol and high impulsivity + violent-supporting views
- Extensive history of legal involvement
21
Q
Typologies - Women
A
- Partner-only (PO): violence out of fear and self-defense
- Generally violent (GV): more traumatic symptoms, mother abuse
22
Q
Typologies - Victims
A
- Short-term: <1 year, unlikely injury, likely leaving
- Intermediate: up to 2 years, 3-15 abusive incidences (mild at first then increase severity), leave after extreme incident with family and friend support
- Intermittent long-term: married, 3-40 incidents, long period between incidents, isolated and financially dependent
- Chronic: long relationship, 100s of incidents, predictable pattern, lots of support, socially and financially dependent
- Homicidal: women kill abuser
- Criticisms: people tend to bleed into multiple categories
23
Q
Mandatory charging policies
A
- Before police though it to be a family matter and women wouldn’t press charges
- Must have R+P grounds (onus on PO)
- Charged = decreased recidivism
24
Q
Specific deterrence
A
- Meditation, arrest, separation
- Works if something to lose
25
Q
Treatment (1)
A
- Feminist psychoeducational group therapy (Duluth model)
- Challenging perceived right to control partner
- High drop-out
- Criticisms: only men to women violence, view violence as one-sided (not interaction of 2 people), focus on shame (no therapeutic bond), limited focus on changing power/control attitudes
26
Q
Treatment (2)
A
- CBT
- Violence is learned
- Anger-management, communication skills training
- Group therapy decreases minimization and denial
27
Q
Treatment completion predictors
A
- Employment, older age, referral source (court-mandated)
28
Q
Violence predictors - Stalking
A
- Clinical variables: substance abuse disorder, personality disorders
- Case-related variables: former intimate relationship, threats
- More likely university students (general propensity for illegal behavior at this age)
- If you know stalker, more likely to be violent
29
Q
Typologies exam - stalking (1)
A
- Intimate stalker: most common (50%)
- History of domestic violence, most likely to be violent
- Disgruntled/estranged, unable to let go
- Most resistant to treatment, substance abuse, criminal record
30
Q
Typologies exam - stalking (2)
A
- Acquaintance stalker = rare (13%)
- Acquaintances or co-workers, motivated by want of relationship
- No depression or psychosis
- Highly socially inept, unlikely to be violent, more likely to be female
31
Q
Typologies exam - stalking (3)
A
- Public figure stalking = rare (27%)
- No relationship but believes there is
- Delusional disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar (mental illness prevalence)
- Managed with medication
32
Q
Typologies exam - stalking (4)
A
- Private stranger stalker = rare 10%
- Severe mental health problems
- Medium risk of violent
- No previous relationship
33
Q
Most common targets of stalking
A
- Politicians, doctors (psychiatrists), university faculty members
34
Q
Why stay?
A
Social isolation, financial dependence, children, ineffectiveness of law enforcement
