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Forensic Psychology > Module 8 - Intimate partner violence > Flashcards

Module 8 - Intimate partner violence Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of violence

A

physical, sexual, financial, emotional (verbal/social)

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2
Q

Conflicts tactics scale

A
  • Prevalence of intimate partner violence
  • 39 items with 5 scales (negotiation, psychological, physical assault, sexual coercion, injury)
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3
Q

CTS Criticisms

A
  • Doesn’t include all violent acts (specific acts not general constructs)
  • Doesn’t account for gender differences (injury differences)
  • Doesn’t assess motive (retaliation vs provocation)
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4
Q

Theories - Patriarchy

A
  • Wife = subordination of females to male control
  • Ineffective for treatment
  • Abuse = extreme form of patriarchy
  • Criticisms: sociological based theory (ignores individual variables), why do some men not abuse, women to men abuse or same-sex relationships
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5
Q

Theories - social learning theory (Bandura)

A
  • Origins of aggression: observational learning (family, subculture, televised), must place functional value on acquired behavior
  • Instigators of aggression: aversive (emotional arousal/anger) + incentive (rewards/control reclaimed)
  • Regulators: external punishments (police) + self-punishment (remorse)
  • Highly individual centered
  • Criticisms: cultural beliefs and values, based on learning alone
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6
Q

Theories - nested ecological model

A
  • Cultural beliefs and attitudes, social institutions and laws, relationship qualities, psychological and biological factors
  • Macrosystem: patriarchal and societal norms
  • Exosystem: social structure, employment, peers, society
  • Microsystem: communication, conflict management
  • Ontogenic factors: psychological and behavioral features of individual (history of abuse, impulsivity, emotion management)
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7
Q

Theories - evolutionary

A
  • Selective pressure on ancestral human explaining trait origin, development and maintenance
  • Losing access to resources (sex) and events threatening that access (flirting)
  • GOAL = maintain exclusive access to resources, sole sexual access
  • Criticisms: why not justification, highly over-simplified, does not apply to women
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8
Q

Cycle of abuse

A
  1. Tension-building
  2. Acting out
  3. Honeymoon
    - Causes BWS (form of PTSD
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9
Q

Learned helplessness

A
  • Submit because hopeless (inevitable punishment), powerless, unable to escape
  • Passive to placate abuser
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10
Q

Reasons for leaving

A
  • Increased abuse severity
  • Children witness violence
  • Reporting (only 25% report)
  • Less fear, high self-esteem and high internal locus of control
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11
Q

Reasons for returning

A
  • Children (31%)
  • Another chance (24%) – increases if treatment completion
  • Promise of change (17%)
  • Lack of money or place to go (9%) i.e., financial dependence
  • No shelter space i.e., would end up homeless
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12
Q

BWS criticisms

A
  • BWS falsely mentally ill (irrational and unstable)
  • Based in gender stereotypes (assumed female passivity, female-prone, hysterical)
  • Misapplication of learned helplessness (sudden act of violence)
  • Ignores difference between women (physical disadvantage = use of deadly force)
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13
Q

BWS as self-defense

A
  • Requires: active/imminent threat (best if in explosive stage), no easy means of escape (physical or theoretical, force used proportionate to threat
  • Immigrant women (EXAM): fewer connections and smaller network, particularly strong barriers (i.e., language), lack of familiarity
  • Uphill battle for expert witnesses
  • More believable if tied to DSM but then not guilty by RoI instead of self-defense
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14
Q

Assessing BWS

A
  • Determine presence of IPV (police reports, hospital records)
  • Assess symptoms of BWS through semi-structure interview (rule out malingering)
  • Determine state at time of crime
  • Report findings
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15
Q

Legal outcomes

A
  • Expert testimony might harm case if criteria doesn’t fit (means to justify heinous crime?)
  • Nullification
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16
Q

Animal abuse

A
  • 41% committed animal abuse vs 1.5% in general population
  • Way of controlling victim
17
Q

Attempts to divide abuse

A
  • Reactive: hostile desire to hurt someone, perceived provocation, impulsive reaction born of anger
  • Instrumental: calculated, performed to achieve end
18
Q

Typologies (1)

A
  • Family-only batterer (50%) – domestic-settings only
  • Moderate impulse-control issues
  • No psychopathology (maybe passive-dependent personality disorder)
  • No other criminal behavior
19
Q

Typologies (2)

A
  • Dysphoric/borderline batterer (25%): unhappy, dissatisfied, emotionally volatile
  • Confined to family but engage in other criminal behavior
  • Moderate impulsivity issues and alcohol/drug use, BPD, severe mental health problems
  • Preoccupied attachment style
20
Q

Typologies (3)

A
  • Violent/antisocial batterer (25%) – not confined to home so violent across most contexts
  • Moderate to severe violence – psychological and sexual abuse
  • Antisocial and narcissistic
  • Drug/alcohol and high impulsivity + violent-supporting views
  • Extensive history of legal involvement
21
Q

Typologies - Women

A
  • Partner-only (PO): violence out of fear and self-defense
  • Generally violent (GV): more traumatic symptoms, mother abuse
22
Q

Typologies - Victims

A
  • Short-term: <1 year, unlikely injury, likely leaving
  • Intermediate: up to 2 years, 3-15 abusive incidences (mild at first then increase severity), leave after extreme incident with family and friend support
  • Intermittent long-term: married, 3-40 incidents, long period between incidents, isolated and financially dependent
  • Chronic: long relationship, 100s of incidents, predictable pattern, lots of support, socially and financially dependent
  • Homicidal: women kill abuser
  • Criticisms: people tend to bleed into multiple categories
23
Q

Mandatory charging policies

A
  • Before police though it to be a family matter and women wouldn’t press charges
  • Must have R+P grounds (onus on PO)
  • Charged = decreased recidivism
24
Q

Specific deterrence

A
  • Meditation, arrest, separation
  • Works if something to lose
25
Q

Treatment (1)

A
  • Feminist psychoeducational group therapy (Duluth model)
  • Challenging perceived right to control partner
  • High drop-out
  • Criticisms: only men to women violence, view violence as one-sided (not interaction of 2 people), focus on shame (no therapeutic bond), limited focus on changing power/control attitudes
26
Q

Treatment (2)

A
  • CBT
  • Violence is learned
  • Anger-management, communication skills training
  • Group therapy decreases minimization and denial
27
Q

Treatment completion predictors

A
  • Employment, older age, referral source (court-mandated)
28
Q

Violence predictors - Stalking

A
  • Clinical variables: substance abuse disorder, personality disorders
  • Case-related variables: former intimate relationship, threats
  • More likely university students (general propensity for illegal behavior at this age)
  • If you know stalker, more likely to be violent
29
Q

Typologies exam - stalking (1)

A
  • Intimate stalker: most common (50%)
  • History of domestic violence, most likely to be violent
  • Disgruntled/estranged, unable to let go
  • Most resistant to treatment, substance abuse, criminal record
30
Q

Typologies exam - stalking (2)

A
  • Acquaintance stalker = rare (13%)
  • Acquaintances or co-workers, motivated by want of relationship
  • No depression or psychosis
  • Highly socially inept, unlikely to be violent, more likely to be female
31
Q

Typologies exam - stalking (3)

A
  • Public figure stalking = rare (27%)
  • No relationship but believes there is
  • Delusional disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar (mental illness prevalence)
  • Managed with medication
32
Q

Typologies exam - stalking (4)

A
  • Private stranger stalker = rare 10%
  • Severe mental health problems
  • Medium risk of violent
  • No previous relationship
33
Q

Most common targets of stalking

A
  • Politicians, doctors (psychiatrists), university faculty members
34
Q

Why stay?

A

Social isolation, financial dependence, children, ineffectiveness of law enforcement

Forensic Psychology (6 decks)

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