Module 7 - Sexual offenses Flashcards
1
Q
Why don’t victims report (7)
A
- They don’t think it’s important
- They fear revenge
- Don’t believe police will help
- They don’t want the offender to get into trouble
- Think the perpetrator has been dealt with
- Shame/dishonor to family
- Too personal to display
2
Q
Why don’t children report (4)
A
- Fear, they won’t be believed, they are to blame, they don’t know it’s abuse
3
Q
SA definition pre-1983
A
- Male to female only
- Wife is not included
- Consent is involved but only refers to sexual intercourse
4
Q
SA definition post-1983 + tiers
A
- Bill C-52: Change of wording to sexual assault + incorporates others forms of sexual activity
- Regardless of relationship and gender (abolished spousal immunity)
- Tiers: simple SA = 10 years max, SA with weapon/bodily harm = 14 years max, Aggravated SA = life
- Limited admissibility of past sexual history of victim (no more slut-shaming)
5
Q
Consent exceptions
A
- Under 12
- 12/13 with over 2 years older
- 14/15 with over 5 years older
- 17 or younger can’t consent to someone in position of authority
- Pressured with violence, weapons, or threats
- Drunk/high cannot give legal consent
- Unconscious (if consent to have sex while asleep, it doesn’t count because you can’t take it back)
6
Q
False allegations
A
- 2-10%
Reasons: provide alibi to get out of something like teen pregnancy/affair (2%), revenge (27%), obtain sympathy and attention (18%) - High end estimates could define these as allegations that have been withdrawn
7
Q
Rape trauma syndrome
A
a. Acute crisis phase: days-weeks, fear/anxiety/depression, self-blame/distrust/self-doubt
b. Long-term reactions phase: months-years, ¼ don’t significantly recover, phobias, sexual problems + depression, chronic physical health problems
8
Q
PTSD symptom cluster
A
- Stimuli avoidance
- Reoccurring distressing memories
- Negatively altered cognition and mood
- Altered state of arousal and reactivity
9
Q
Dimensions of division
A
- Type of offense (non-contact, rape, and child molestors)
- Impulsiveness
- ASPD/psychopathy
- Type of sexual fantasies (some might be attracted to consent)
- Sadism: could be simply uninhibited by violence rather than attracted to it
- Substance use, social and sexual competence
10
Q
Typologies - child pornography users (1)
A
- Sexually compulsive/addicted offenders
- Not primarily attracted to children rather addicted to porn and thrill of taboo with child pornos
- Response to treating depression/inadequacy
- Respond to treatment and unlikely to reoffend
11
Q
Typologies - child pornography users (2)
A
- Situational/regressed child offenders
- Minors and adults
- Opportunistic and impulsive
- Healthy adult attachments
- Responsive to treatment
- Justified: if in porn, then they knew what they were doing (view children as adults)
12
Q
Typologies - child pornography users (3)
A
- Fixated/dedicated child offenders
- Primarily attracted to children, prolific offenders
- Reinforces sexual pattern
- See themselves as children (as the same age as who they are watching)
- More difficult to treat, higher risk of reoffending
13
Q
Classification of offenders (5)
A
- Voyeurs
- Exhibitionists
- Rapists: 16+
- Pedophile: sexual orientation
- Hebephile: pubescent children (adolescents)
- Molester: intra-familial or extra-familial (more likely lifetime offenders)
14
Q
Typologies - Revised rapist typology by Massachusetts treatment center
A
- Opportunistic: impulsive (controlled by situation and context), commits other crimes, no sexual fantasies or gratuitous violence
- Pervasively angry: impulsive and unnecessary force, serious injury, no sexual fantasies, anger towards both men and women
- Sexual: sexual preoccupation and fantasies
- Sadistic: sexual preoccupation and fantasies with sadistic violence
- Vindictive: women-focused anger, not impulsive and no sexual fantasies, demean + degrade, overt or muted (presence of gratuitous violence)
15
Q
SA risk factors
A
- Low SES, personality disorders
- Substance abuse, intimacy deficits, negative peer reviews, offensive attitudes
16
Q
Typologies - Growth (IMPORTANT)
A
- Anger rapist (50%): conflict/humiliation, use of force more than necessary, anger towards women (extreme misogynists), no primary motive for sexual gratification
- Power rapist (40%): assert dominance/control, no primary motive for sexual gratification, but frequent rape fantasies
o Power reassurance rapist = inadequacy, poor social skills, no serious injury only to ensure compliance, perceive submission as sexual desire
o Power assertive = assert dominance through violence, aggressive, impulsive, under the influence - Sadistic rapist (5-10%): sexual gratification by hurting victim, increased level of injury (torture, death), violent sexual fantasies they try to reenact, extensive planning
17
Q
Typologies - molester (1)
A
- Fixated
- Only children (no sexual contact with adults)
- Interest begins in adolescence and persists, male/female targets, extra-familial
- No evident precipitating stress or planned offense
- Emotionally immature/poor social skills/single, no drugs or alcohol
- No remorse or distress
18
Q
Typologies - molester (2)
A
- Regressed
- Primary sexual orientation is adults
- Interest begins as adults and is episodic
- Female targets (intra-familial)
- Precipitating stress and inadequacy
- Impulsive and married with problems
- Remorse and alcohol use
- More responsive to treatment
19
Q
Adolescent offenders
A
- Typically victims of abuse
- Social inadequacy
- Lack of intimacy and impulsiveness
- More likely than adults to have history of abuse, to view porn/sex, have atypical sexual interests
20
Q
Female offenders
A
- Lower rates of reoffending + shorter sentencing
- Rate underestimated because mask through caregiving, more likely to target their own children, and more frequently male victims (less likely to report)
- More likely to assault strangers
21
Q
Typologies - female offenders
A
- Teacher/lover: no history, alcohol use, think they’re in love
- Male-coerced: unassertive and passive
- Male-accompanied: willing
- Predisposed: severe and persistent history, deviant sexual fantasies, violent and bizarre offenses, more likely to have child victims
22
Q
Aboriginal offenders
A
- Risk factors: criminal and substance history, lower education, high rates of unemployment
- Less likely to have male victims
23
Q
Finkelhorn’s precondition model of child molestation
A
- Motivated: emotional congruence + sexual attraction + blocked emotional outlets
- Lack of internal inhibitions i.e., alcohol (impulse-control problems)
- Overcome external inhibitions (get the child alone)
- Overcome child’s resistance
24
Q
Integrated model of sexual aggression
A
- Biological factors + socio-economic influences + situational events
- Failure to acquire effective inhibitory control (possibly due to abuse or dysfunctional family)
25
Q
Cognitive distortions
A
- Deviant cognitions, values, beliefs used to justify deviant behavior
- Predictive of recidivism among child molesters than rapists
- Denial results in increased recidivism for low-risk offenders
26
Q
Empathy
A
- Specific empathy deficit toward victims
- Training: understand abuse impact and pain, develop remorse, read victim accounts and videos, role-playing
27
Q
Social skills
A
- No self-confidence in interpersonal relations, capacity for intimacy, assertiveness, anger management
28
Q
Assessment and treatment
A
- Build empathy, cognitive distortions, deviant sexual interests, social skills, relapse prevention
29
Q
Deviant sexual interests
A
- Power, control, anger, emotional intimacy
- Penile phallometry
- Aversion therapy
- Masturbatory satiation
- SSRIs can be effective
30
Q
Relapse prevention
A
- List emotional and situational risk factors
- Develop plans to dela appropriately
- Risk factors: loneliness, inadequacy, anger towards women
31
Q
Good lives model
A
- Offending behavior = means to feel need or reach goal
- Maladaptive means seeking primary human goods instead of someone who has distorted primary human good
- Enhance positive aspects of individual
32
Q
Cross-over effect
A
child pornography viewers progress to molesting children
