Module 8: Endocrine System Flashcards
Diagnostic Tests to Evaluate Endocrine Disorders
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
- Ultrasound
- MRI
- Biopsy
Purpose of Urine Test
- To measure levels ofcortisol
- Measure sex hormones estradiol, progesterone and testosterone
Blood Tests used to evaluate Endocrine Disorders
- Glucose tolerance tests
- Thyroid
- hGH
- Serum hormone levels
- Radioimmunoassay
Treatment for Endocrine Disorders
Deficit: -Replacement therapy Excess: -Medications -Surgery -Radiation
The Endocrine System
Consists of glands that secrete hormones which help regulate and maintain homeostasis
Anatomy of the Endocrine System
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Thymus (Immunity)
- Thyroid (Metabolic)
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
- Pineal Gland
- Ovaries
- Testes
Negative Feedback System
- High blood glucose
- Beta calls of pancreas increase insulin secretion
- Insulin promotes transport of glucose into cells
- Low blood glucose
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon
- Gluconeogenesis in liver
Hormone Release
- Often controlled by negative feedback mechanisms
- Endo and nervous work together to regulate metabolic activities
Diabetes Type 1
- Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
- Insulin replacement required
- Acute onset in children and adolescents
- Not linked to obesity
- Genetic factors may play a role.
Diabetes Type 2
- Non-Insulin dependant
- Caused by decreased production of insulin and/or increased resistance by cells in body
- Onset is slow
- Associated with obesity
Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
- Maintenance of blood glucose levels
- Diet
- Exercise
- Oral medication
- Insulin replacement
S&S of Diabetes Mellitus
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst
- Weight loss
- Vision changes
- Fatigue
- Vascular disorders
Cause of Diabetes Insipidus
- Imbalance of fluids in the body
- Results from a deficit of ADH
- Head injury or surgery may cause a temporary condition
- Could be genetic if renal tubules do not respond to hormone
S&S of Diabetes Insipidus
- Increased thirst
- Producing large amounts of diluted urine
- Preference of cold drinks
Hormones of the Hypothalamus
- ADH
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Oxytocin
- Growth hormone releasing hormone
- Dopamine
- Somatosatin
Cause of Dwarfism
- A deficit of growth hormone or somatotropin-releasing hormone
- Can tell if affected in adolescence
S&S of Dwarfism
- Late development of certain motor skills, such as sitting up or walking
- A larger head
- Breathing problems
- Bowed legs
- Joint stiffness
- Facial features
Cause of Gigantism
- Excess growth hormone
- Before puberty
S&S of Gigantism
- Excessive sweating
- Weakness
- Insomnia
- Delayed puberty
- Deafness
- Severe headaches
Cause of Acromegaly
Excess growth hormone secretions in adults
S&S of Acromegaly
- Bones become broader and heavier
- Soft tissues grow
- Enlarged hands and feet
- Thicker skull
- Changes in facial features
Treatment for Diabetes Insipidus
Replacement therapy for ADH
Cause of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Syndrome
- Excess ADH
- May be triggered by stress
S&S of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Syndrome
- Related to hypernatremia
- Mental confusion
- Irritability
- Retention of fluid
Treatment of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Syndrome
- Diuretics
- Sodium supplements
Cause of a Goiter
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland
- Hyperthyroid conditions (Excessive stimulation by TSH) -Hypothyroid conditions (low iodine)
S&S of a Goiter
- Swelling
- Coughing
- Dyspnea
- Tight feeling in throat
Treatment of a Goiter
- Dependant on size
- Medications
- Surgery
- Radioactive iodine
S&S of Hyperthyroidism
- Protruding eyes
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Excessive sweating
- Increased bowel movement
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
- Radioactive iodine
- Surgical removal of the thyroid
- Anti-thyroid drugs
Cause of Hypothyroidism
- Thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of certain crucial hormones
- Autoimmune disease
- Medications
- Previous surgery on thyroid
- Pituitary disorder
Form of Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
Forms of Hypothyroidism
- Hashimoto thyroiditis
- Myxedema
- Cretinism
What is Hypothyroidism
An under active thyroid that does not produce enough thyroid hormone (Thyroxine)
What is Hyperthyroidism
An over active thyroid that produces to much Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine)
Treatment of Hypothyroidism
Synthetic thyroid hormone: Levothyroxine
What is Hypoparathyroidism
- Parathyroid glands don’t produce enough PTH
- Leads to hypocalcemia
Cause of Hypoparathyroidism
- Congenial lack of the four glands
- Autoimmune disease
- Cancer radiation treatment
- Poor synthesizing of PTH
S&S of Hypoparathyroidism
- Muscle spasms
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Muscle aches/cramps
- Brittle nails
- Arrythmias
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism
- Oral calcium carbonate tablets
- Vitamin D
- Parathyroid hormone (Natpara) injection
What is Hyperparathyroidism
- One or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much PTH
- Leads to hypercalcemia
- Also caused by Renal failure
S&S of Hyperparathyroidism
- Kidney stones
- Osteoporosis
- Excessive urination
- Abdominal pain
- Depression and forgetfulness
- Bone and joint pain
- Arrhythmia
- Muscle weakness
Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism
- Observation
- Surgery
- Medications
Cause of Cushing Syndrome
Excess of glucocorticoids especially Cortisol
S&S of Cushing Syndrome
- Weight gain
- Thin arms & legs
- Easy bruising
- Fatty hump between shoulders
- Muscle weakness
- Increased hair growth
- Fatty deposits
- Excessive amount of stretch marks
Treatment of Cushing Syndrome
- Depends on underlying cause
- Medications
- Reducing corticosteroid use
- Surgery
- Radiation therapy
Cause of Addison Disease
- Deficiency of adrenocortical secretions
- Autoimmune reaction
- Damage to adrenal glands (kidney hats)
S&S of Addison Disease
- Decreased blood glucose
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Abdominal pain
- Blurry vision
- Hyperpigmentation
- Frequent infections
- Poor stress response
Treatment of Addison Disease
-Hormone replacement therapy (Cortisol and Aldosterone)
What hormones are secreted in the Adrenal Glands?
ACTH:
Aldosterone
-Corticosteroid
What hormones are secreted in the Pancreas?
- Glucagon
- Insulin
What hormones are secreted by the Kidneys?
- Erythropoietin
- Renin
- Angiotensin
What hormones are secreted in the Parathyroid glands?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What hormones are secreted in the Pineal gland?
Melatonin
What hormones are secreted in the Hypothalamus to trigger the Pituitary gland?
- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
What is the function of the Thyroid gland?
Metabolic interactions of the body
- Converts Iodine (which is ingested) to T3 and T4
- Under the control of the Pituitary gland
What is the function of the Parathyroid?
Controls calcium levels in the blood by secreting PTH hormone to respond to calcium levels
What are the hormones of the Anterior/Posterior Pituitary gland?
Anterior Pituitary
- HGH - Muscles and Bones
- Prolactin - Mammary Glands
- Follicle stimulating hormone (LH) - Ovaries/Testes
- Lutienzing Hormone (LH) - Ovaries/Testes
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Adrenals
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - Thyroid
Posterior
- Oxytocin- Uterus
- Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) - Kidneys
What does FSH hormone do?
Reproduction development in Males and Females
- Females - Ovary Function - Ova production to release ova from the follicle
- Males - Testicle Function - Sperm production
What does LH hormone do?
In females - Ovulation and Menstruation cycle, production of Progesterone (required for Pregnancy)
- For Males - Production of Testosterone
What does ACTH hormone do?
Regulates Cortisol steroids in the blood
