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Patho Midterm 2 > Module 7: Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 7: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Anatomy of PNS

A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
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3
Q

Physiology of CNS

A
  • Communication and control centre of the body
  • Receives information, processes information, evaluates inputs
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Voluntary and Involuntary response
  • Reflex response
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4
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Meninges

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5
Q

Anatomy of Meninges

A
  • Dura matter (outermost layer)
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid (middle layer)
  • Subarachnoid (CSF)
  • Pia mater (inner layer)
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6
Q

Physiology of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • Provides cushion for the brain and spinal cord
  • Provides nutrients to the brain
  • Removes waste
  • Formed by choroid plexus and ventricles
  • maintain intracranial pressure
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7
Q

Physiology of the Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Capillaries in the brain
  • Limits passage of materials to the brain
  • Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose and proteins
  • Lipids pass through easily
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8
Q

Hemisphere lobes - Five major lobes

A

1) Pre-Frontal
2) Frontal
3) Parietal
4) Temporal
5) Occipital

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9
Q

Anatomy of Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Longitude fissures that separate the brain into two hemispheres

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10
Q

Physiology of Left Hemisphere

A
  • Control right side of body
  • Logical
  • Analytical
  • Science/Math
  • Critical Thinking
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11
Q

Physiology of Right Hemisphere

A
  • Controls left side of body
  • Artistic
  • Creativity
  • Performance
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12
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Motor function for speech production

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13
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Integration center

- Comprehends language

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14
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Cognitive behaviour

- Personality

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15
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Control and coordination of skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotional reactions of feelings

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17
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Frontal Lobe

A
  • Broca’s
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Motor
  • Intellectual function
  • Voluntary movement
  • Skilled movement
  • Speech
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18
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Parietal Lobe

A
  • Somatosensory

- Sensations (pain, touch)

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19
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Occipital Lobe

A
  • Visual cortex

- Vision

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20
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Temporal Lobe

A
  • Auditory cortex - Hearing
  • Olfactory cortex - Smelling
  • Wernicke’s- Comprehension of speech
  • Memory & Learning - Hippocampus
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21
Q

Physiology of Cerebellum

A

“Cerebellum = CereBALANCE”

  • Body Balance
  • Positioning
  • Coordination of movement
  • Equilibrium
  • Smooth balanced movement
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22
Q

Physiology of Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Control and coordination
  • Respiration activity
  • Cardiovascular activity
  • Swallow reflex (cough, vomiting)
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23
Q

Physiology of Hypothalamus

A
  • Main role is maintaining Homeostasis
  • Autonomic system
  • Endocrine
  • Body temperature
  • Fluid balance
  • Thirst and Hunger
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24
Q

Physiology of Thalamus

A

Relay centre for incoming sensory impulses

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25
Q

Physiology of Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Arousal and Awareness

“AAA = Activate Arousal and Awareness”

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26
Q

Physiology of Diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus and hypothalmus

  • Relays sensory information
  • Control autonomic functions of PNS
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27
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Brain stem

A
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cranial nerves, efferent and afferent fibers
  • Function is the parts made up of brainstem
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28
Q

Arteries that supply blood to the brain

A
  • Cerebral artery - Supplies frontal lobe
  • Middle Cerebral artery
  • Basilar artery - branches to brain-stem and cerebellum
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29
Q

Anatomy of Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • Originates from various parts of brain
  • Sensory, Motor and Mixed Fibers
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30
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A

Olfactory - Smell (Senosory)

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31
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

Optic - Vision (Sensory)

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32
Q

Cranial Nerve 3

A

Oculumotor - Eye movements - Accommodation (Motor)

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33
Q

Cranial Nerve 4

A

Trochlear - Eye movements - Oblique eye muscles (Motor)

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34
Q

Cranial Nerve 5

A

Trigeminal - Facial Sensation (Mixed)

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35
Q

Cranial Nerve 6

A

Abducens - Eye movements - Up and Down

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36
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

A

Facial - Facial sensory (taste) and facial expressions (Mixed)

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37
Q

Cranial Nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear - Hearing (Sensory)

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38
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal - Taste, soft palate, Swallowing (Mixed)

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39
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

A

Vagus - Heart/Lungs and Smooth muscle
- Heart rate
- Digestion
(Mixed)

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40
Q

Cranial Nerve 11

A

Spinal Accessory - Head movements (Motor)

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41
Q

Cranial Nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal - Muscle of tongue (Motor)

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42
Q

Physiology of the Spinal Cord

A
  • Receives neuron impluses
  • Sends information to the brain for processing
  • Protected by the vertebral column
  • White and Grey matter in the core
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43
Q

Spinal Cord - Gray Matter

A
  • Nerve cell body - Unmylienated

- Motor neuron

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44
Q

Spinal Cord - White Matter

A
  • Afferent - Sensory
  • Efferent - Motor
  • Ascending and Descending tracts
  • Mylienated neuron
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45
Q

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves?

A

31

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46
Q

What are the two main Spinal nerve fibers?

A
  • Efferent fibers (Motor)

- Afferent fibers (Sensory)

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47
Q

Reflex Response

A

Autonomic rapid response to a stimulus

  • Stimulus triggers sensory system, impulse follows afferent fibre up the Ascending tract to Spinal Cord
  • Impulse to the brain (integrate, evaluate, process)
  • Impulse follows efferent fibre (motor) down Descending tract to effector removing from stimulus
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48
Q

What is a Neuron?

A
  • Highly specialized cells
  • Conduct impulses to CNS and PNS
  • Require glucose and oxygen
  • Supported by Glial cells
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49
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

A
  • Cell Body - Nucleus
  • Dendrites - Conduct impulses toward cell body
  • Axon - Conduct impulses away from body
  • Axon covered in myelin sheath
  • Schwann Cells
  • Gaps between cells - node of Ranvier
  • Impulse ends up in synapse
50
Q

Physiology of the Myelin Sheath

A
  • Insulation
  • Speeds up conduction
  • Performs by saltatory conduction
  • Formed by oligodendrocytes (Glial Cell)
51
Q

How do impulses conduct?

A

Action Potential - Re-polarization of outward movement of K+

- Sodium Potassium pump (3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in)

52
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Substance that is released into the synaptic cleft on stimulus

  • Epinephrine/Norepinephine
  • Acetylcholine
53
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters (5)

A
  • Acetylcholin - Para - Excitatory
  • Norepinephrine/epinephrine - Sympa - Excitatory
  • Dopamin/Serotonin - Excitatory
  • Glycine - inhibitory- (Spinal cord)
  • Gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) - inhibiting
54
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A
  • Flight or fight
  • Neurotransmitters = norepinephrine/epinephrine (post ganglia)
  • Acetylcholine (pre ganglia)
  • Contains Alpha and Beta receptors
55
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A
  • Rest and Digest
  • Aids recovery
  • Acetylcholine neurotransmitter
  • Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors
56
Q

What Diagnostic tests are used to evaluate nervous system conditions?

A
  • Computer Tomography Scans (CT) - Creates cross-sectional images - detailed scan
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - anatomical and physiological image of the brain/body
  • X-Ray - Images of tissues and structures
  • Doppler ultrasound
  • Electrocephaolography (EEG)
  • Cerebral angiography
  • Lumbar puncture - CSF
57
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Local Effects

A

Signs related to specific area of the brain or spinal cord in which lesion is located

58
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Expanding Lesions

A

Caused by tumours or hemorrhages

  • Supratentorial lesions - dysfunction
  • Infratentorial lesions - LOC, affects motor/sensory
59
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Levels of Consciousness

A

Decreased consciousness and responsiveness

- Leads to memory loss, difficulty in arousal, coma

60
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Vegetative State

A
  • Loss of awareness and mental capabilities
  • Brain damage
  • Person is unresponsive to external stimuli
61
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Locked in Syndrome

A

Person is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate

62
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Brain Death Criteria

A
  • Cessation of brain function

- Absence of brain stem reflex and responses

63
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Motor Dysfunction

A
  • Damage to upper motor - weakness/paralysis
  • Damage to lower - weakness/paralysis
  • Decorticate/decerebrate position - severe brain damage
64
Q

Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Sensory

A
  • Somatosensory cortex - Touch, pain, temperature, vision, hearing impairements
  • Visual loss - Hemianopia - damage to visual pathway
65
Q

Language Disorders - Aphasia

A
  • inability to comprehend/express language
66
Q

Language Disorders - Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Receptive - unable to understand written/spoken language

67
Q

Language Disorders - Broca ‘s Aphasia

A

Expressive - cannot speak/write fluently/appropriately

68
Q

Language Disorders - Global Aphasia

A

Damage to both areas - cannot express and comprehend language

69
Q

Language Disorders - Dysarthia

A

Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in speech

- Slow and drawn out speech

70
Q

Language Disorders - Agraphia

A

Impaired witing

71
Q

Language Disorders - Alexia

A

Impaired reading

72
Q

Language Disorders - Agnosia

A

Loss of recongnition/association of words

73
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

A

Temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain - Stroke

  • Partial occlusion of artery
  • Athlerosclerosis
  • Small embolus
  • Vascular Spasms
74
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) - Signs and Symptoms?

A
  • Difficult to diagnose
  • Ischemia
  • Muscle weakness in arms/legs
  • Visual disturbances
  • Confusion
  • Numbness/parathesia in the face
  • Transient aphasia
75
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) - Treatment

A
  • Medications - Anti-platelets and Anti-coagulants (Heparin/Warfarin)
  • Surgery
  • Can be seen by CT and MRI
76
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

Stroke

  • Infarction of the brain
  • Rupture of cerebral vessel
  • Ischemia
77
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Risk factors

A
  • Diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Age
  • Heart disease
  • Smoking
  • Inactivity
78
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Signs and Symptoms?

A
  • Lack of voluntary movement
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Spastic paralysis
79
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Treatments

A
  • Medications - Glucocorticoids
  • Surgery
  • OT/PT
  • SLP
80
Q

Brain Tumors

A

Benign and malignant tumours that can be life threatening

- Secondary brain tumour - metastasized from breast/lung tumour

81
Q

Brain Tumors - Signs and Symptoms?

A
  • Seizures
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Irritability
  • Personality/behaviour changes
  • Vision changes
  • Malignant tumours can cause death before general effects occur
82
Q

Brain Tumors - Treatments

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation (Some tumours are radio-resistent)
83
Q

Brain Injury

A
  • Skull fractures
  • Hemorrhage and edema
  • Mild injuries
  • Swelling of the brain
  • Destruction of brain tissue
84
Q

Brain Injury - Concussion

A
  • Blow to head or whiplash
  • Reversible
  • Minimal brain trauma
85
Q

Brain Injury - Contusion

A
  • Bruising of brain tissue

- Blunt blow to head

86
Q

Brain Injury - Closed head injury

A
  • Skull not fractured in injury
  • Brain tissue is damaged
  • Extensive damage
87
Q

Brain Injury - Open head injury

A

Fracture/penetration of the skull

88
Q

Brain Injury - Depressed skull fractures

A

Displacement of bone

89
Q

Brain Injury - Basilar Fracture

A

Leakage of CSF

90
Q

Brain Injury - Contrecoup

A

Brain bounces off skull

91
Q

Brain Injury - Primary Injuries

A
  • Laceration/compression of brain tissue

- Rupture/compression of blood vessels

92
Q

Brain Injury - Secondary injuries

A
  • Cerebral edema
  • Hemorrhage
  • Hematoma (Meninges damage)
  • Ischemia
93
Q

Brain Injury - Signs and Symptoms?

A
  • Seizures
  • Cranial nerve impairment
  • Leaking CSF
  • Fever
94
Q

Brain Injury - Treatment

A
  • Medications - Glucocorticoids
  • Antibiotics
  • Surgery
  • Physiotherapy
95
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

A

Fracture and dislocation of vertebrae

- compression, stretches or tears in spinal cord

96
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Cervical Spine injury

A

Neck Injury

  • Hyperextension or hyperflexion of neck
  • Can be fatal
97
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Disclocation of Vertebrae

A

Crush/compression of spinal cord

98
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Compression

A

Force on top of skull or to the feet

99
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Increased BP
  • Increased ischemia
  • Bruising
  • Sensory motor or autonomic function
  • Infections
  • Spinal shock (Inflammation and scar tissue)
  • Paralysis - Paraplegic (Paralysis of lower extremities), Quadriplegic (Paralysis to all 4 limbs)
100
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Treatment

A
  • PT/OT
  • Surgery
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Dermatome maps can identify the degree and damage of recovery
101
Q

Herniated Intervertebral Disc

A

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

  • Common location = Lumbrosacral discs
  • Tear can happen suddenly or gradually
  • Predispositions - age, metabolic, obesity
102
Q

Herniated Intervertebral Disc - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Sensory, motor and autonomic function impairment
  • Signs depend on location and extent
  • Pain
  • Weakness
  • Numbness
103
Q

Herniated Intervertebral Disc - Treatment

A
  • Reduce weight bearing
  • Rest
  • Ice, heat compression
  • PT/OT
  • Surgery
  • Medications
104
Q

Seizure Disorders

A

Spontaneous and excessive discharge pf the neurons in the brain

  • Inflammation
  • Hypoxia
  • Bleeding in brain
  • Genetics
105
Q

Seizure Disorders - Focal

A

Specific sites

106
Q

Seizure Disorders - Generalized

A

Both areas of the hemispheres are affected at the same time

  • Absence (Loss of Awareness)
  • Atonic (loss of muscle)
  • Tonic- Clonic (sudden stiffening of body)
  • Myoclonic (rapid contractions of body)
  • Febrile seizures (occur in children - high fever)
107
Q

Seizure Disorders - Partial and Continous

A

Partial - sparing

Continuous - life threatening

108
Q

Seizure Disorders - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Decreasing LOC
  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Papilledema
  • Late signs - dilated pupils
  • After seizures - LOC, confusion, extreme fatigue
109
Q

Seizure Disorders - Treatment

A
  • Medications
  • Pacemaker implant
  • Rehabilitation
110
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Degenerative disorder
  • Progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves
  • Loss of myelin interferes with conduction and impulses
  • Onset 20-40 yrs of age
  • Causes unknown, but maybe due to:
  • Autoimmune
  • Nutritional deficit
  • Changes in blood flow to neurons
  • Genetic
  • Immunological
  • Different types and severity
111
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Blurred vision
  • Weakness in legs
  • Double vision
  • Dysarthria
  • Numbness, burning tingling
  • Weakness and paralysis
  • Loss of coordination, bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction
  • Chronic fatigue
112
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - Treatment

A
  • No definitive test/treatment
  • MRI to diagnose
  • PT/OT
  • Medication to prolong symptoms
  • Home remedies
  • Cannabis
113
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • Lou Gehrigs disease
  • Progressive degenerative disease affecting the upper and lower motor neurons
  • Cognitive is unimpaired (Stephen Hawking)
  • Could be genetic
114
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Decreased muscle tone and weakness
  • Stumbling and falling
  • Death may occur due to respiratory failure
115
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Treatment

A
  • No specific treatment
  • Stem cell therapy
  • Medications to slow profession
  • SLP
  • PT/OT
116
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Destruction of receptor sites
  • Prevents muscle stimulation
117
Q

Myasthenia Gravis - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • MSK weakness
  • Facial and occular muscles
  • Dysphargia and aspiration
  • Head droops
  • Impaired vision
  • Upper respiratory infections
118
Q

Myasthenia Gravis - Treatment

A
  • Serum antibody test
  • Electromyography (electric activity of muscle)
  • Medication - Glucocorticoids, Anticholinesterease agents
119
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A
  • Controls breathing

- Communication station to other parts of the brain

120
Q

What are the types of Glial Cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (Schwann Cells)
  • Microglia (Immune)
  • Astrocytes (Metabolic)
  • Ependymal (Create CSF)

Patho Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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