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Patho Midterm 2 > Module 6: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 6: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Oropharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Epiglottis
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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Right & Left primary Bronchi
  • Secondary Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Respiratory Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

Diagnostic Tests used to Evaluate Respiratory Health Problems

A
  • Spirometry-pulmonary function testing (PFT)
  • Oximetry
  • Exercise tolerance testing
  • ABG’s
  • Radiography - Chest Xray
  • Bronchoscopy (tube looking in airway)
  • Sputum C&S
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4
Q

What is Spirometry (PFT)?

A
  • Used to test pulmonary volumes by measuring volume and airflow times
  • Measures how much air is exhaled,
  • Measures breaths in and out in 1 min
  • Measures how much air is left after a normal exhale
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5
Q

What is Oximetry?

A

Measures oxygen saturation

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6
Q

What is exercise tolerance testing?

A
  • Looks at how exercise affects lungs

- Useful for diagnosis of chronic pulmonary disease

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7
Q

What are ABG’s?

A
  • Arterial blood gasses
  • Blood sample from the arterial blood
  • Allows us to measure blood from lungs before gas exchange occurs
  • Can tell us PO2, PCO2, Serum pH, Electrolytes & Blood Glucose
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8
Q

What is Radiography?

A

Chest X-Ray

used to help identify tumors or infections

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9
Q

What is a Bronchoscopy?

A
  • Procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the lungs using a small camera
  • May be used in performing a biopsy, checking for lesions or bleeding
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10
Q

What is Sputum C&S?

A
  • Test on exudates from the upper respiratory tract

- Identifies pathogens and assists in determining therapy

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11
Q

S&S of Alterations in Respiratory Health

A
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Sputum production
  • Breathing pattern changes
  • Abnormal breath sounds
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Pleural pain
  • Clubbed fingers
  • Changes in ABG’s
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12
Q

Examples of Abnormal Breath Sounds

A
  • Rales (light bubbly or cracking sounds)

- Rhonchi (deep, harsh sounds resulting from mucus)

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13
Q

Definition and cause of the common cold

A
  • Viral Infection affecting the upper respiratory system

- Spread through respiratory droplets

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14
Q

S&S of the Common Cold

A
  • Nasal congestion
  • Sneezing
  • Increased secretions
  • Mouth breathing
  • Watery eyes
  • Sore throat
  • Headache
  • Slight fever
  • Malaise
  • Cough
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15
Q

Treatment of the Common Cold

A
  • Based on symptoms
  • Acetaminophen
  • Decongestants
  • Humidifiers
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16
Q

Cause of Sinusitis

A

A bacterial infection that lines the sinuses, secondary to a cold or allergy due to mucus build up

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17
Q

S&S of Sinusitis

A
  • Pain in facial bones
  • Nasal congestion
  • Fever
  • Sore throat
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18
Q

Treatment of Sinusitis

A
  • Decongestants
  • Antihistamines
  • Analgesics
  • Antibiotics are often required to eradicate the infection
  • Nasal saline
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19
Q

Cause of Influenza

A
  • A viral infection known a the “flu” that attacks/affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts
  • Transmitted via air droplets (cough, sneeze)
  • New strands appear all the time
  • 3 groups A,B,C (A is most common)
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20
Q

S&S of Influenza

A
  • Sudden acute onset
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Aching body pains
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21
Q

Treatment of Influenza

A
  • Treatment is symptomatic & supportive unless bacterial infection occurs
  • Antiviral drugs
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22
Q

Cause of Pneumonia

A
  • Lower respiratory tract infection
  • May develop as a primary infection or secondary to another infection
  • Bacteria entering the lungs
  • Aspiration or inflammation of lungs
  • Occasionally can be blood borne
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23
Q

S&S of Pneumonia

A
  • Sudden onset
  • High fever with chills
  • Fatigue
  • Leukocytosis
  • Dyspnea
  • Pleural pain
  • Productive cough
  • Confusion
  • Rales
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24
Q

Treatment of Pneumonia

A
  • Antibacterial medication
  • Fluids
  • Drugs to reduce fever - Acetaminophen
  • Oxygen
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25
Q

Cause of SARS

A

“Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”

Acute respiratory infection caused by a microbe that is transmitted via respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing)

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26
Q

S&S of SARS

A
  • Fever
  • Body aches
  • Dyspnea
  • Anorexia
  • Diarrhea
  • Dry cough
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Muscle stiffness
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27
Q

Treatment of SARS

A

-Antiviral medications and glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone)

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28
Q

Cause of Tuberculosis

A

“Mycobacterium tuberculosis”

  • Transmitted by oral droplets from a person with the active illness
  • Primarily affects the lungs but can invade other organs
  • Primary Tuberculosis is highly contagious
29
Q

S&S of Tuberculosis

A
  • Anorexia
  • Malaise
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Afternoon low-grade fever
  • Night sweats
  • Prolonged Cough
  • Purulent sputum (often contains blood)
30
Q

Treatment of Tuberculosis

A
  • Drugs (Isonaizid, Rifapentine, Rifampin)
  • Drugs must be taken from 6 months to a year depending on the situation
  • Can be treated at home or a general hospital
31
Q

Causes of Lung Cancer

A
  • Smoking/second hand smoke
  • Exposure to toxins
  • Genetics
32
Q

S&S of Lung Cancer

A
  • Persistent productive cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Wheezing
  • Chest pain
  • Hoarseness
  • Weight loss
  • Anemia
  • Fatigue
  • Pleural involvement
  • Paraneoplastic syndrome
  • Metastases (Depending on site)
33
Q

Treatment for Lung Cancer

A
  • Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
  • Surgical resection
  • Chemotherapy & radiation
  • Photodynamic therapy
34
Q

Causes of Aspiration

A

Passage of food, fluid or other foreign material into the trachea and lungs

35
Q

S&S of Aspiration

A
  • Coughing & choking
  • Dyspnea
  • Stridor & hoarseness
  • Wheezing
  • Tachycardia
  • Nasal flaring
  • Cardiac or respiratory arrest
36
Q

Treatment of Aspiration

A

-Monitor inflammation
-Oxygen & supportive therapy
-Antibiotics
Emergency treatment includes:
-The Heimlich maneuver
-Dislodging the foreign object

37
Q

Cause of Asthma

A
  • Asthma is a disease that involves periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction
  • Found in individuals with hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways
38
Q

S&S of Asthma

A

Cough

  • Tight feeling in chest
  • Wheezing
  • Rapid, laboured breathing
  • Thick, tenacious mucus is coughed up
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypoxia
  • Respiratory alkalosis develops initially
  • Respiratory acidosis develops in time
  • Respiratory distress
39
Q

Treatment of Asthma

A
  • Allergy testing
  • Avoidance of triggers
  • Good ventilation in home
  • Swimming
  • Medication (ex. Inhalers)
  • Breathing techniques
40
Q

Cause of Emphysema

A

Type of COPD which causes damage to the alveoli, leads to inflated alveolar space

  • Genetics
  • Smoking
  • Certain pathogenic bacteria
41
Q

S&S of Emphysema

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Hyperventilation
  • Barrel Chest
  • Tripod position
  • Anorexia
  • Fatigue
  • Clubbed fingers
  • Weight loss
42
Q

Treatment of Emphysema

A
  • Avoidance of respiratory irritants
  • Immunizations
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation programs
  • Breathing techniques
  • Nutrition & hydration
  • Bronchodilators
  • Lung reduction sx
43
Q

Cause of Chronic Bronchitis

A

Type of COPD which causes a build up of thick inflamed mucosa in the bronchi

  • Constant irritation to bronchi
  • Smoking
  • Industrial pollution
44
Q

S&S of Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Constant productive cough
  • Tachypnea
  • Dyspnea
  • Rhonchi
  • Severe weight loss
  • Systemic edema
45
Q

Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Reduce exposure to irritants
  • Treat infection
  • Immunizations
  • Bronchodilators
  • Low-flow oxygen
  • Nutritional supplements
  • Drainage of excessive mucus
46
Q

Causes of Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Fluid collecting in alveoli and interstitial area
  • Caused by many different conditions (Ex. CHF)
  • Inflammation
  • Low plasma proteins
47
Q

S&S of Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Cough
  • Orthopnea
  • Rales
  • Hemoptysis
  • Frothy sputum
  • Laboured breathing
  • Cyanosis
48
Q

Treatment of Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Oxygen
  • Treatment of cause
  • Supportive care
  • Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation (more airflow in lungs)
49
Q

Cause of Pulmonary Embolus

A
  • A blood clot or mass of other material that obstructs the pulmonary artery or a branch of it
  • Most are clots or thrombi originating from deep leg veins
50
Q

S&S of Pulmonary Embolus

A
  • A transient chest pain
  • Cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Tachycardia
  • Fever
  • Low BP
  • Rapid weak pulse
  • Loss of consciousness
51
Q

Treatment of Pulmonary Embolus

A
  • Assessment of risk factors
  • Medications (ex. Heparin)
  • Compression stockings
  • Oxygen
  • Mechanical ventilation
52
Q

Causes of Atelectasis

A
  • Is a collapsed lung or part of lung
  • Interferes with gas exchange
  • Occurs as a complication of other conditions
  • Alveoli become airless
53
Q

S&S of Atelectasis

A
  • Small areas are asymptomatic
  • Dyspnea
  • Increased HR
  • Increased RR
  • Chest pain
  • Asymmetrical chest expansion
54
Q

Treatment of Atelectasis

A
  • Deep breathing exercises
  • Changing body positions
  • Forced coughing
  • Removal of fluid, tissue or tumour
  • Chest clamping or percussion
  • Postural drainage
  • Medications
55
Q

Cause of Pleural Effusion

A
  • Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary embolism
56
Q

S&S of Pleural Effusion

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Increased Respiratory Rate
  • Increased HR
  • Absence of breath sounds
  • Tracheal deviation
  • Hypotension
  • Dullness to percussion
57
Q

Treatment of Pleural Effusion

A
  • Remove/treat underlying cause
  • Chest drainage tubes
  • Thoracocentesis (needle aspiration)
58
Q

Cause of Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity caused by:

  • Malignant tumour
  • Chest injury
  • Lung disease
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • 3 main types - Open, Closure and Tension
59
Q

S&S of Pneumothorax

A
  • Atelectasis
  • Dyspnea
  • Cough
  • Chest pain
  • Reduced breath sounds
  • Unequal chest expansion
  • Hypoxia
60
Q

Treatment of Tension Pneumothorax

A

Emergency Treatment:

  • Transport to hospital
  • Cover with occlusive dressing
  • Do not remove penetrating objects
61
Q

Cause of Hemothorax

A

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

  • Pulmonary embolism
  • TB
  • Chest trauma
62
Q

S&S of Hemothorax

A
  • Chest pain
  • Low BP
  • High HR
  • Fever
63
Q

Treatment of Hemothorax

A
  • Drainage of blood from pleural cavity (Thoracentesis)

- Thoracotomy

64
Q

How many types of Pneumorthorax are there?

A

3 types

  • Closed
  • Open
  • Tension (Most serious)
65
Q

Treatments of Pneumothorax

A
  • Oxygen
  • Surgery
  • Chest tube
  • Emergency treatment
66
Q

Diagnostic tests for Tuberculosis

A
  • Acid-fast sputum test
  • Chest X-ray
  • Sputum Culture/Senstivity
67
Q

What is Miliary/Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis?

A

Rapid and progressive from of TB that affects children under 5

68
Q

What is Active Tuberculosis?

A

Organism multiples and forms large areas of necrosis in lungs

Patho Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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