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Patho Midterm 2 > Module 6: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 6: Respiratory System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Oropharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Epiglottis
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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Right & Left primary Bronchi
  • Secondary Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Respiratory Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

Diagnostic Tests used to Evaluate Respiratory Health Problems

A
  • Spirometry-pulmonary function testing (PFT)
  • Oximetry
  • Exercise tolerance testing
  • ABG’s
  • Radiography - Chest Xray
  • Bronchoscopy (tube looking in airway)
  • Sputum C&S
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4
Q

What is Spirometry (PFT)?

A
  • Used to test pulmonary volumes by measuring volume and airflow times
  • Measures how much air is exhaled,
  • Measures breaths in and out in 1 min
  • Measures how much air is left after a normal exhale
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5
Q

What is Oximetry?

A

Measures oxygen saturation

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6
Q

What is exercise tolerance testing?

A
  • Looks at how exercise affects lungs

- Useful for diagnosis of chronic pulmonary disease

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7
Q

What are ABG’s?

A
  • Arterial blood gasses
  • Blood sample from the arterial blood
  • Allows us to measure blood from lungs before gas exchange occurs
  • Can tell us PO2, PCO2, Serum pH, Electrolytes & Blood Glucose
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8
Q

What is Radiography?

A

Chest X-Ray

used to help identify tumors or infections

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9
Q

What is a Bronchoscopy?

A
  • Procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the lungs using a small camera
  • May be used in performing a biopsy, checking for lesions or bleeding
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10
Q

What is Sputum C&S?

A
  • Test on exudates from the upper respiratory tract

- Identifies pathogens and assists in determining therapy

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11
Q

S&S of Alterations in Respiratory Health

A
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Sputum production
  • Breathing pattern changes
  • Abnormal breath sounds
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Pleural pain
  • Clubbed fingers
  • Changes in ABG’s
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12
Q

Examples of Abnormal Breath Sounds

A
  • Rales (light bubbly or cracking sounds)

- Rhonchi (deep, harsh sounds resulting from mucus)

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13
Q

Definition and cause of the common cold

A
  • Viral Infection affecting the upper respiratory system

- Spread through respiratory droplets

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14
Q

S&S of the Common Cold

A
  • Nasal congestion
  • Sneezing
  • Increased secretions
  • Mouth breathing
  • Watery eyes
  • Sore throat
  • Headache
  • Slight fever
  • Malaise
  • Cough
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15
Q

Treatment of the Common Cold

A
  • Based on symptoms
  • Acetaminophen
  • Decongestants
  • Humidifiers
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16
Q

Cause of Sinusitis

A

A bacterial infection that lines the sinuses, secondary to a cold or allergy due to mucus build up

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17
Q

S&S of Sinusitis

A
  • Pain in facial bones
  • Nasal congestion
  • Fever
  • Sore throat
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18
Q

Treatment of Sinusitis

A
  • Decongestants
  • Antihistamines
  • Analgesics
  • Antibiotics are often required to eradicate the infection
  • Nasal saline
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19
Q

Cause of Influenza

A
  • A viral infection known a the “flu” that attacks/affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts
  • Transmitted via air droplets (cough, sneeze)
  • New strands appear all the time
  • 3 groups A,B,C (A is most common)
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20
Q

S&S of Influenza

A
  • Sudden acute onset
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Aching body pains
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21
Q

Treatment of Influenza

A
  • Treatment is symptomatic & supportive unless bacterial infection occurs
  • Antiviral drugs
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22
Q

Cause of Pneumonia

A
  • Lower respiratory tract infection
  • May develop as a primary infection or secondary to another infection
  • Bacteria entering the lungs
  • Aspiration or inflammation of lungs
  • Occasionally can be blood borne
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23
Q

S&S of Pneumonia

A
  • Sudden onset
  • High fever with chills
  • Fatigue
  • Leukocytosis
  • Dyspnea
  • Pleural pain
  • Productive cough
  • Confusion
  • Rales
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24
Q

Treatment of Pneumonia

A
  • Antibacterial medication
  • Fluids
  • Drugs to reduce fever - Acetaminophen
  • Oxygen
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25
Cause of SARS
"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome" | Acute respiratory infection caused by a microbe that is transmitted via respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing)
26
S&S of SARS
- Fever - Body aches - Dyspnea - Anorexia - Diarrhea - Dry cough - Chills - Headache - Muscle stiffness
27
Treatment of SARS
-Antiviral medications and glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone)
28
Cause of Tuberculosis
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis" - Transmitted by oral droplets from a person with the active illness - Primarily affects the lungs but can invade other organs - Primary Tuberculosis is highly contagious
29
S&S of Tuberculosis
- Anorexia - Malaise - Fatigue - Weight loss - Afternoon low-grade fever - Night sweats - Prolonged Cough - Purulent sputum (often contains blood)
30
Treatment of Tuberculosis
- Drugs (Isonaizid, Rifapentine, Rifampin) - Drugs must be taken from 6 months to a year depending on the situation - Can be treated at home or a general hospital
31
Causes of Lung Cancer
- Smoking/second hand smoke - Exposure to toxins - Genetics
32
S&S of Lung Cancer
- Persistent productive cough - Dyspnea - Wheezing - Chest pain - Hoarseness - Weight loss - Anemia - Fatigue - Pleural involvement - Paraneoplastic syndrome - Metastases (Depending on site)
33
Treatment for Lung Cancer
- Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) - Surgical resection - Chemotherapy & radiation - Photodynamic therapy
34
Causes of Aspiration
Passage of food, fluid or other foreign material into the trachea and lungs
35
S&S of Aspiration
- Coughing & choking - Dyspnea - Stridor & hoarseness - Wheezing - Tachycardia - Nasal flaring - Cardiac or respiratory arrest
36
Treatment of Aspiration
-Monitor inflammation -Oxygen & supportive therapy -Antibiotics Emergency treatment includes: -The Heimlich maneuver -Dislodging the foreign object
37
Cause of Asthma
- Asthma is a disease that involves periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction - Found in individuals with hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways
38
S&S of Asthma
Cough - Tight feeling in chest - Wheezing - Rapid, laboured breathing - Thick, tenacious mucus is coughed up - Tachycardia - Hypoxia - Respiratory alkalosis develops initially - Respiratory acidosis develops in time - Respiratory distress
39
Treatment of Asthma
- Allergy testing - Avoidance of triggers - Good ventilation in home - Swimming - Medication (ex. Inhalers) - Breathing techniques
40
Cause of Emphysema
Type of COPD which causes damage to the alveoli, leads to inflated alveolar space - Genetics - Smoking - Certain pathogenic bacteria
41
S&S of Emphysema
- Dyspnea - Hyperventilation - Barrel Chest - Tripod position - Anorexia - Fatigue - Clubbed fingers - Weight loss
42
Treatment of Emphysema
- Avoidance of respiratory irritants - Immunizations - Pulmonary rehabilitation programs - Breathing techniques - Nutrition & hydration - Bronchodilators - Lung reduction sx
43
Cause of Chronic Bronchitis
Type of COPD which causes a build up of thick inflamed mucosa in the bronchi - Constant irritation to bronchi - Smoking - Industrial pollution
44
S&S of Chronic Bronchitis
- Constant productive cough - Tachypnea - Dyspnea - Rhonchi - Severe weight loss - Systemic edema
45
Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis
- Reduce exposure to irritants - Treat infection - Immunizations - Bronchodilators - Low-flow oxygen - Nutritional supplements - Drainage of excessive mucus
46
Causes of Pulmonary Edema
- Fluid collecting in alveoli and interstitial area - Caused by many different conditions (Ex. CHF) - Inflammation - Low plasma proteins
47
S&S of Pulmonary Edema
- Cough - Orthopnea - Rales - Hemoptysis - Frothy sputum - Laboured breathing - Cyanosis
48
Treatment of Pulmonary Edema
- Oxygen - Treatment of cause - Supportive care - Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation (more airflow in lungs)
49
Cause of Pulmonary Embolus
- A blood clot or mass of other material that obstructs the pulmonary artery or a branch of it - Most are clots or thrombi originating from deep leg veins
50
S&S of Pulmonary Embolus
- A transient chest pain - Cough - Dyspnea - Chest pain - Tachycardia - Fever - Low BP - Rapid weak pulse - Loss of consciousness
51
Treatment of Pulmonary Embolus
- Assessment of risk factors - Medications (ex. Heparin) - Compression stockings - Oxygen - Mechanical ventilation
52
Causes of Atelectasis
- Is a collapsed lung or part of lung - Interferes with gas exchange - Occurs as a complication of other conditions - Alveoli become airless
53
S&S of Atelectasis
- Small areas are asymptomatic - Dyspnea - Increased HR - Increased RR - Chest pain - Asymmetrical chest expansion
54
Treatment of Atelectasis
- Deep breathing exercises - Changing body positions - Forced coughing - Removal of fluid, tissue or tumour - Chest clamping or percussion - Postural drainage - Medications
55
Cause of Pleural Effusion
- Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity - Congestive Heart Failure - Pneumonia - Pulmonary embolism
56
S&S of Pleural Effusion
- Dyspnea - Chest pain - Increased Respiratory Rate - Increased HR - Absence of breath sounds - Tracheal deviation - Hypotension - Dullness to percussion
57
Treatment of Pleural Effusion
- Remove/treat underlying cause - Chest drainage tubes - Thoracocentesis (needle aspiration)
58
Cause of Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity caused by: - Malignant tumour - Chest injury - Lung disease - Mechanical ventilation - 3 main types - Open, Closure and Tension
59
S&S of Pneumothorax
- Atelectasis - Dyspnea - Cough - Chest pain - Reduced breath sounds - Unequal chest expansion - Hypoxia
60
Treatment of Tension Pneumothorax
Emergency Treatment: - Transport to hospital - Cover with occlusive dressing - Do not remove penetrating objects
61
Cause of Hemothorax
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity - Pulmonary embolism - TB - Chest trauma
62
S&S of Hemothorax
- Chest pain - Low BP - High HR - Fever
63
Treatment of Hemothorax
- Drainage of blood from pleural cavity (Thoracentesis) | - Thoracotomy
64
How many types of Pneumorthorax are there?
3 types - Closed - Open - Tension (Most serious)
65
Treatments of Pneumothorax
- Oxygen - Surgery - Chest tube - Emergency treatment
66
Diagnostic tests for Tuberculosis
- Acid-fast sputum test - Chest X-ray - Sputum Culture/Senstivity
67
What is Miliary/Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis?
Rapid and progressive from of TB that affects children under 5
68
What is Active Tuberculosis?
Organism multiples and forms large areas of necrosis in lungs

Patho Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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