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Chemistry - Year 12 > Module 8: Applying Chemical Ideas > Flashcards

Module 8: Applying Chemical Ideas Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, flow and run offs

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2
Q

What are pollutants?

A

Substances that have a negative impact on the environment

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3
Q

What impact does phosphate have on the environment?

A

Introduced via fertilisers they can cause algae blooms depleting water of O2

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4
Q

What impact does ozone have on the environment?

A

In lower levels it can damage vegetation and cause health issues

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5
Q

What is the Murray-Darling Basin?

A

A basin which covers 14% of Australia and accounts for 40% of Australia’s agricultural production

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6
Q

What are some environmental issues with the Murray-Darling Basin?

A

Salinity, erosion, blue green algae and water quality

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7
Q

What does chemical analysis do?

A

Provides safe drinking water, healthy food, maintain air control and water quality

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8
Q

What is qualitative analysis?

A

Is the identification of a substance or components in a mixture

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9
Q

What is usually tested during qualitative analysis for water?

A

Domestic water
Irrigation
Food manufacturing and processing
Pathology

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10
Q

What is the flame test?

A

A qualitative test identifying a particular cation, metal ion

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11
Q

How does the flame test work?

A

Some heated metals produce distinctive coloured flames according to the movement of electrons

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12
Q

What are the two methods for the flame test?

A

With solid material on a wire loop placed in the flame or a solution sprayed into the bunsen burner flame

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13
Q

Flame test colour of Li?

A

Crimson

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14
Q

Flame test colour of Na?

A

Yellow

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15
Q

Flame test colour of K?

A

Purple

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16
Q

Flame test colour of Ca?

A

Red

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17
Q

Flame test colour of Sr?

A

Scarlet

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18
Q

Flame test colour of Ba?

A

Yellow-green

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19
Q

Flame test colour of Cu?

A

Green

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20
Q

Flame test colour of Pb?

A

Pale blue/white

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21
Q

Flame test colour of Fe?

A

Yellow-golden

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22
Q

What are three limitations of the flame test?

A

Only works on some cations
Is a destructive test
Limited by interference and ambiguities

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23
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A solid that can form when two solutions mix

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24
Q

What is the precipitation test?

A

Is a qualitative test that identify ions present in a solution

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25
Q

Are group 1A ions soluble?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Is Cl soluble?

A

Yes except when with Ag or Pb

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27
Q

Is Br soluble?

A

Yes except when with Ag or Pb

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28
Q

Is I soluble?

A

Yes except when with Ag or Pb

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29
Q

Is SO4 soluble?

A

Yes except when with Ba, Pb Sr, Ag and Ca

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30
Q

Is CO3 soluble?

A

No

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31
Q

Is PO4 soluble?

A

No

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32
Q

Is S soluble?

A

No

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33
Q

Is OH soluble?

A

No except when with Ag, Ba, Ca, Sr

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34
Q

What colour is the precipitate with Ba?

A

White

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35
Q

What colour is the precipitate with Ca?

A

White

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36
Q

What colour is the precipitate with Pb?

A

White

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37
Q

What precipitates are blue?

A

Cu(OH)2, Cu3(PO4)2

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38
Q

What precipitates are green?

A

CuCO3, Fe(OH)2, Fe3(PO4)2

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39
Q

What precipitates are grey?

A

FeCO3

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40
Q

What precipitates are brown?

A

Fe(OH)3

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41
Q

What precipitates are yellow?

A

AgOH, Ag3PO4, Ag2CO3

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42
Q

What colour precipitate is AgCl?

A

White

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43
Q

What colour precipitate is Ag2SO4?

A

White

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44
Q

What does NAG SAG stand for and what does it mean?

A

Things that are nearly always soluble
Nitrate
Ammonium
Group one
Sulfates
Acetate
Group 17

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45
Q

What does PMS Casrba stand for?

A

Lead
Mercury
Silver
Calcium
Strontium
Barium

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46
Q

What does the PMS mean in the acronym?

A

Insoluble with sulfates and and group 17

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47
Q

What does casrba mean in the acronym?

A

Insoluble with sulfates

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48
Q

What is the first thing you should add to unknown liquid when testing for metals?

A

NaCl

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49
Q

What does it mean if a white PPT forms when NaCl is added?

A

It has Pb or Ag

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50
Q

What is the second thing you should add to unknown liquid when testing for metals?

A

Na2SO4

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51
Q

What does it mean if a white PPT forms when Na2SO4 is added?

A

It has Ba or Ca

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52
Q

What is the third thing you should add to unknown liquid when testing for metals?

A

NaOH

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53
Q

What does it mean if a white PPT forms when NaOH is added?

A

It has Mg

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54
Q

What does it mean if a blue PPT forms when NaOH is added?

A

It has Cu

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55
Q

What does it mean if a green PPT forms when NaOH is added?

A

It has Fe2+

56
Q

What does it mean if a brown PPT forms when NaOH is added?

A

It has Fe3+

57
Q

What is the first thing that should be added when testing for anion?

A

HNO3

58
Q

What does it mean if bubbles form when HNO3 is added?

A

It has CO3

59
Q

What is the second thing that should be added when testing for anion?

A

Red litmus paper

60
Q

What does it mean if the red litmus paper turns blue when testing for anions?

A

It has OH

61
Q

What is the third thing that should be added when testing for anion?

A

Ba(NO3)2

62
Q

What does it mean if white PPT forms when Ba(NO3)2 is added?

A

It has SO4

63
Q

What is the fourth thing that should be added when testing for anion?

A

NH3

64
Q

What does it mean if white PPT forms when NH3 is added?

A

It has PO4

65
Q

What is the fifth thing that should be added when testing for anion?

A

PbNO3

66
Q

What does it mean if a yellow PPT forms when PbNO3 is added?

A

It has I

67
Q

What is the sixth thing that should be added when testing for anion?

A

AgNO3

68
Q

What does it mean if white PPT forms when AgNO3 is added?

A

It has Cl

69
Q

What does it mean if cream PPT forms when AgNO3 is added?

A

It has Br

70
Q

What is gravimetric analysis?

A

When a precipitate is formed, filtered and then weighed

71
Q

What are the advantages of gravimetric analysis?

A

Simple and inexpensive and can be used for a range of substances

72
Q

What is a limitation of gravimetric analysis?

A

Not suitable for soluble salts

73
Q

How do you draw a conductivity titration?

A

Draw two lines of best fit and where they intersect is equivalence point

74
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A

Analytical technique that uses visible light and electromagnetic spectrum

75
Q

How does spectroscopy and colorimetry work?

A

Measure the absorbance of light

76
Q

How do you pick the colour filter for colorimetry?

A

Colour filter is complementary to the colour of the solution

77
Q

How can you remember the complementary colours?

A

ROYGBV
VBGYOR

78
Q

How do you make a calibration curve?

A

Measure absorbance of 5 solutions with different known concentrations and plot it on a graph

79
Q

What are the advantages of colorimetry?

A

It is inexpensive and easy to carry and transport

80
Q

What are the disadvantages of colorimetry?

A

It cannot detect colourless compounds and does not work in IR and UV region

81
Q

How is UV-Visible Spectroscopy different to colorimetry?

A

It uses a monochromator for an exact wavelength rather than a colour filter

82
Q

How is the wavelength selected for spectroscopy?

A

By testing varying wavelength and seeing which one absorbs the most

83
Q

What is an advantage of spectroscopy?

A

It is more effective than colorimetry

84
Q

What is the beer lambert law?

A

It is a mathematical relationship between light absorbed and factors that affect absorbance of light

85
Q

What factors affect the absorbance of light?

A

The substance, concentration and length of sample cell

86
Q

What do the symbols mean in the beer lambert law equation?

A

E: molar coefficient in cm molL-1
L: Sample cell length in cm
c: molar concentration molL-1
I0: intensity of light in
I: intensity of light out

87
Q

What is atomic absorption spectroscopy?

A

Analytical technique measuring concentration of gas phase metal atoms

88
Q

What is the process for AAS?

A
  1. Solution is drawn into a nebuliser and turns into a mist
  2. Mist is atomised in the furnace
  3. Hallow cathode lamp shine on gaseous atoms
  4. Fraction of the light reaches the monochromator
  5. Filtered light reaches photomultiplier detector
89
Q

What are the advantages of AAS?

A

Simple technique, very sensitive, inexpensive, very fast

90
Q

What are the disadvantages of AAS?

A

High initial machinery cost, destructive test

91
Q

How do you test for alkene?

A

When adding bromine water which has a distinct red/brown colour an addition reaction occurs turning it clear

92
Q

What is a crucial factor when testing for alkenes using bromine water?

A

Keep tests out of sunlight as alkanes will also turn clear when exposed to UV

93
Q

What are three ways you can test for carboxyl?

A

Blue litmus paper turns red
When carbonate added bubbles form
React with alcohol to form an ester

94
Q

How do you test for hydroxyl?

A

Add sodium metal and hydrogen gas is produced

95
Q

What is the colour change when primary and secondary alcohols are reacted with KMnO4?

A

Purple to clear

96
Q

What is the colour change when primary and secondary alcohols are reacted with K2Cr2O7?

A

Yellow to green

97
Q

How do you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol?

A

Add ZnCl2/HCl mixture:
Primary - does not react
Secondary - will take a long time to react
Tertiary - will react immediately

98
Q

What are the types of energies of atoms and molecules from lowest to highest energy?

A

Translational
Rotational
Vibrational
Electronic

99
Q

Why should the fingerprint region be ignored in infrared spectroscopy?

A

As it is unique for every single compound

100
Q

Where is the fingerprint region on an infrared spectroscopy?

A

Below 1400cm-1

101
Q

How does a nuclear magnetic resonance work?

A

Uses low frequency radio waves and alters nuclear spin of various nuclei of atoms

102
Q

What nuclei have spin?

A

Nuclei with an odd atomic number or an odd mass number

103
Q

What does a peak in a Carbon-13 NMR represent?

A

Each peak represents a carbon environment

104
Q

What are the steps for interpreting a Carbon-13 NMR?

A
  1. How many signals and how many environments that corresponds to
  2. These peaks occur at … which corresponds with …
105
Q

What does peak area of each signal mean in a hydrogen-1 NMR?

A

Is equal to the number of hydrogen atoms in ratio

106
Q

What does signal splitting mean?

A

Number of lines is one more than number of neighbouring H atoms

107
Q

What does mass spectrometry do?

A

Allows the determination of the exact chemical structure of a molecule

108
Q

What is the process for mass spectrometry?

A
  1. Sample exposed to high voltage forming ions
  2. Ions separated by magnetic field based on mass/charge ratio
  3. Number of ions with different m/z are measured
109
Q

What is the molecular ion peak?

A

Is the peak with the largest m/z

110
Q

What is the base peak?

A

It is the highest peak produced

111
Q

What is fragmentation in mass spectrometry?

A

When high energy electrons knock off electrons from the sample molecule

112
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+2O

113
Q

What is the general formula for haloalkanes?

A

CnH2n-1X (X=F, Cl, Br or I)

114
Q

What is the general formula for aldehydes and ketones?

A

CnH2nO

115
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids and esters?

A

CnH2nO2

116
Q

What is the general formula for amines?

A

CnH2n+3N

117
Q

What is the general formula for amides?

A

CnH2n+1ON

118
Q

How do you find the molecular formula?

A
  1. Find molecular ion peak
  2. ion peak = relative atomic mass
  3. Find n
  4. Sub n into general formula
119
Q

What is the Habour process used for?

A

Is involved in the production of ammonia

120
Q

What is the Habour process reaction?

A

Exothermic reversible reaction of the combination of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to form ammonia

121
Q

What is ammonia used for?

A

Fertilisers, cleaning agents and many more

122
Q

Where are the reactants for the Habour process obtained from?

A

Nitrogen - liquefying air
Hydrogen - steam reacting with hydrocarbons

123
Q

What is the compromise for the Habour process?

A

Yield of about 30% but by recycling unreacted gases 98% yield
Temp 400C and pressure 250atm

124
Q

How is percentage yield calculated?

A

actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

125
Q

What does atom economy measure?

A

The percentage of atoms in the reactants that end up in desired product

126
Q

How do you calculate atom economy?

A

mass of desired products/mass of all reactants x 100

127
Q

What are economic considerations that should be made for chemical procedures?

A

Use of the product, storage transport and waste disposal, purity and yield, use of energy and water

128
Q

What are environmental considerations that should be made for chemical procedures?

A

Waste management and potential harms of any chemicals, negative impact on water and atmosphere

129
Q

What is green chemistry?

A

A set of principles used as a framework to evaluate environmental impact

130
Q

Why is green chemistry different?

A

It believes the best approach is to not produce waste in the first place

131
Q

Why doesn’t alkenes need UV to react with bromine water?

A

Due to the high reactivity of C=C

132
Q

Why do alkanes need UV to react with bromine water?

A

Due to low reactivity of C-C

133
Q

What is an example of how acid/base analytical techniques are used in industry?

A

During the production of wine they use titration methods to determine the acid content as part of their quality control porcess

134
Q

What are three examples of reasons to monitor the murray darling river?

A

To monitor pollutants that can harm organisms including humans
To keep corporations accountable
To contain and minimise a problem before it spreads

135
Q

What are the two techniques which can be applied when identifying alkane and alkene?

A

Add bromine water or add potassium permanganate solution

136
Q

What happens to alkene when permanganate solution is added?

A

It undergoes an oxidisation reaction and turns from purple to brown

137
Q

What happens when to an alkane when permanganate solution is added?

A

Nothing the liquid stays puple

Chemistry - Year 12 (5 decks)

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