Module 7: Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is polymerisation?
When monomers combine to form polymers
What are monomers?
Smaller single molecular units
What are polymers?
Larger and long covalent molecular substances made of repeated monomer units.
What is the IUPAC name of polyethylene?
Polyethene
What is the structural formula of polyethylene?
(H2-C-C-H2)n
What monomer is used for polyethylene?
Ethylene
What is the structural formula of ethylene?
H2-C=C-H2
What is addition polymerisation?
The formation of addition polymers without any loss of atoms
How does the addition process works?
The double bond open out to form bonds with the neighbouring molecules
Which hydrocarbons are extremely flammable?
Short chain alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Why are short chain hydrocarbons more volatile?
Less number of dispersion forces and intermolecular forces
What is the impact of high concentration of hydrocarbons?
It is toxic to humans
How are gas hydrocarbons safely stored?
They are kept in well maintained cylinders and fitting
What do gas hydrocarbons have to easily detect leakage?
There is an addition of odours
How are liquid hydrocarbons safely stored?
In sturdy containers
What storage methods should be kept in mind when keeping hydrocarbons?
Minimal quantities should be stored and used and should be kept away from naked flames
How are hydrocarbons safely transported?
They are transported in reinforced steel that can withstand high impacts
What is a risk during transportation of hydrocarbons and how is it minimised?
The risk of static electricity buildup which is reduced with a static electricity dissipation device
How are hydrocarbons safely stored in cars?
The fuel tanks are located at the opposite end of the vehicle away from the engine
What colour is kerosene coloured?
Blue
What colour is unleaded fuel?
Yellow
Why is hydrocarbon fuel coloured?
It provides a quick way of identification in the case of spilling
How are organic substances disposed of at school?
Usually they are collected and disposed separately after use in the school lab
How should containers which held organic substances be disposed of?
They must be collected by licensed waste management operators
What type of impact do hydrocarbons have on the environment?
Negative impacts
What is an impact of hydrocarbon use on the environment?
An increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere contributing to global warming
What is an impact of hydrocarbon extraction on the environment?
Spills and destruction of environments can have great impact on the environment
What type of impact do hydrocarbons have on the economy?
Largely positive incomes
What is an impact of hydrocarbon use have on the economy?
Has provided a huge output of energy providing a reliable source of energy for industry
What is an example of an industry which has boomed from hydrocarbon use?
Long haul transportation industries
What type of impact do hydrocarbons have on sociocultural factors?
Both positive and negative
What are some positive impacts of hydrocarbons on sociocultural factors?
Development of advanced drugs and pharmaceuticals, efficient and cheap heating, town electricity increases productivity
What are some negative impacts of hydrocarbons on sociocultural factors?
Exposure can lead to health issues, increasing cost associated with landfill, dependency on hydrocarbons
What do all addition polymerisation have in common?
The monomers all have a double bond which open out to form single bonds with neighbouring molecules and there is no loss of atoms
What are the two production techniques of polyethylene?
Gas phase process
Ziegler-Natta process
What is the polyethylene called made using the gas phase process?
Low Density Polyethylene LDPE
What is the polyethylene called made using the zieglar natta process?
High Density Polyethylene HDPE
What does LDPE end up with?
Produces significant side chain branching
What does HDPE end up with?
No side chain branching
What is the IUPAC name for polyvinylchloride?
Vinylchloride
What monomer is polyvinylchloride made from?
Chloroethene
What is the structural formula of chloroethen?
CH2 = CH - Cl
What is the structural formula of polyvinylchloride?
(CH2-CH)n
|
Cl
What is the IUPAC name of polystyrene?
Styrene
What monomer is polystyrene made of?
Styrene
What is polystyrene used for?
Packaging material, coffee/milkshake cups
What is the polytetrafluoroethylene also known as?
Teflon
What monomer is polytetrafluoroethylene made of?
Tetrafluoroethylene
What is the structure of tetrafluoroethene?
F2-C=C-F2
What is the structure of polytetrafluoroethylene?
(F2-C=C-F2)n
What is polytetrafluoroethylene used for?
Non-stick frying pans
What is the impact of side chain branching?
Lower the density of the polymer, low MP’s and BP’s and tend to be soft and flexible and clingy
What are polymers with side branching called?
Non-crystalline/amorphous
What is the impact of no side chain branching?
Higher density of polymer, high MP’s and BP’s and tend to be hard, rigid, inflexible and tough
What are polymers without side branching called?
Crystalline
What is chain stiffening?
Some polymers with side branching whilst having a lower density will have an overall stiffness to them
What are some examples of polymers with chain stiffening?
PVC and polystyrene
Why are addition polymers insoluble in water?
They have a high molecular weight, are non-polar and have a lack of hydrogen bonding
What is PVC susceptible to?
UV light which can break C-Cl bonds
Where does PTFE get its slipperiness from?
The polar C-F bonds and the subsequent dipole-dipole bonds that form between neighbouring chains
What is condensation polymerisation?
Occurs in the absence of a double bond and almost always releases a water molecule
When can a condensation polymer occur?
If the monomer has two terminal functional groups ie OH and COOH
How many water molecules produced during condensation polymerisation?
One less than the number of monomers in the chain
What is the monomer of polyester?
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
What are the terminal functional groups of the monomer of polyester?
OH and COOH
What link is formed during the formation of polyesters?
An ester link
What are the terminal functional groups of the monomer of nylon?
COOH and NH2
What link is formed during the formation of nylon?
An amide link
What type of structure can carbon form?
Long chain, branch chain and ring structures
What type of bonds do carbons form with each other and non metals?
Covalent compounds
How strong are carbon bonds?
Generally strong
What is bond energy?
The amount of energy required to break a bond
What are the four ways to represent organic molecules?
Molecular formula, structural formula, condensed formula and skeletal structure
What does the molecular formula look like?
C2H6O
What is an advantage of the molecular formula?
Indicated the number and type of atoms present
What is a disadvantage of the molecular formula?
Does not show any structure or bonding
What does the structural formula look like?
Structure drawn out
What is an advantage of the structural formula?
Shows location of atoms and it shows the number and location of covalent bonds
What is a disadvantage of the structural formula?
Tedious to draw all atoms involved
What does the condensed formula look like?
CH3CH2OH
What is an advantage of the condensed formula?
Show connections and carbon chain as one line
What is a disadvantage of the condensed formula?
No 3D arrangement or bonding shown
What are hydrocarbons?
A class of carbon compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
One that contains one or more benzene rings
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
One that does not contain any benzene rings
What is a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds in which each member differs by a CH2 unit
What are alkanes?
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated compounds with no double or triple conds
What are alkenes?
Hydrocarbons that contain a double bond
What is the general formula of alkenes?
CnH2n
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
What are alkynes?
Hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond
What is the general formula of alkynes?
CnH2n-2
Are alkynes saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
What are alkyl branch groups?
Side branch chains
How are alkyl branch names named?
Prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the side chain and suffix -yl used
What are cyclic hydrocarbons?
Carbon atoms that have formed a ring
What are the four common cyclic hydrocarbons?
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentene
Cyclohexene
What is the 5 steps of nomenclature?
- Select the longest carbon chain and name it
- IF C=C or C≡C present use appropriate suffix and indicate position with a number
- If branch chains present number from shortest chain and put name in front
- If multiple side chains number all and add appropriate prefix
- If there are different branch chains write them alphabetically
How do you name halohydrocarbons?
Add prefix fluro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-