Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry - Year 12 > Module 7: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 7: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

When monomers combine to form polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are monomers?

A

Smaller single molecular units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are polymers?

A

Larger and long covalent molecular substances made of repeated monomer units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the IUPAC name of polyethylene?

A

Polyethene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the structural formula of polyethylene?

A

(H2-C-C-H2)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What monomer is used for polyethylene?

A

Ethylene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the structural formula of ethylene?

A

H2-C=C-H2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The formation of addition polymers without any loss of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the addition process works?

A

The double bond open out to form bonds with the neighbouring molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which hydrocarbons are extremely flammable?

A

Short chain alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are short chain hydrocarbons more volatile?

A

Less number of dispersion forces and intermolecular forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the impact of high concentration of hydrocarbons?

A

It is toxic to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are gas hydrocarbons safely stored?

A

They are kept in well maintained cylinders and fitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do gas hydrocarbons have to easily detect leakage?

A

There is an addition of odours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are liquid hydrocarbons safely stored?

A

In sturdy containers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What storage methods should be kept in mind when keeping hydrocarbons?

A

Minimal quantities should be stored and used and should be kept away from naked flames

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are hydrocarbons safely transported?

A

They are transported in reinforced steel that can withstand high impacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a risk during transportation of hydrocarbons and how is it minimised?

A

The risk of static electricity buildup which is reduced with a static electricity dissipation device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are hydrocarbons safely stored in cars?

A

The fuel tanks are located at the opposite end of the vehicle away from the engine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What colour is kerosene coloured?

A

Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What colour is unleaded fuel?

A

Yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is hydrocarbon fuel coloured?

A

It provides a quick way of identification in the case of spilling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are organic substances disposed of at school?

A

Usually they are collected and disposed separately after use in the school lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How should containers which held organic substances be disposed of?

A

They must be collected by licensed waste management operators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of impact do hydrocarbons have on the environment?

A

Negative impacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an impact of hydrocarbon use on the environment?

A

An increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere contributing to global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an impact of hydrocarbon extraction on the environment?

A

Spills and destruction of environments can have great impact on the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of impact do hydrocarbons have on the economy?

A

Largely positive incomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an impact of hydrocarbon use have on the economy?

A

Has provided a huge output of energy providing a reliable source of energy for industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an example of an industry which has boomed from hydrocarbon use?

A

Long haul transportation industries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of impact do hydrocarbons have on sociocultural factors?

A

Both positive and negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some positive impacts of hydrocarbons on sociocultural factors?

A

Development of advanced drugs and pharmaceuticals, efficient and cheap heating, town electricity increases productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some negative impacts of hydrocarbons on sociocultural factors?

A

Exposure can lead to health issues, increasing cost associated with landfill, dependency on hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do all addition polymerisation have in common?

A

The monomers all have a double bond which open out to form single bonds with neighbouring molecules and there is no loss of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two production techniques of polyethylene?

A

Gas phase process
Ziegler-Natta process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the polyethylene called made using the gas phase process?

A

Low Density Polyethylene LDPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the polyethylene called made using the zieglar natta process?

A

High Density Polyethylene HDPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does LDPE end up with?

A

Produces significant side chain branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does HDPE end up with?

A

No side chain branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the IUPAC name for polyvinylchloride?

A

Vinylchloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What monomer is polyvinylchloride made from?

A

Chloroethene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the structural formula of chloroethen?

A

CH2 = CH - Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the structural formula of polyvinylchloride?

A

(CH2-CH)n
|
Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the IUPAC name of polystyrene?

A

Styrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What monomer is polystyrene made of?

A

Styrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is polystyrene used for?

A

Packaging material, coffee/milkshake cups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the polytetrafluoroethylene also known as?

A

Teflon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What monomer is polytetrafluoroethylene made of?

A

Tetrafluoroethylene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the structure of tetrafluoroethene?

A

F2-C=C-F2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the structure of polytetrafluoroethylene?

A

(F2-C=C-F2)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is polytetrafluoroethylene used for?

A

Non-stick frying pans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the impact of side chain branching?

A

Lower the density of the polymer, low MP’s and BP’s and tend to be soft and flexible and clingy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are polymers with side branching called?

A

Non-crystalline/amorphous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the impact of no side chain branching?

A

Higher density of polymer, high MP’s and BP’s and tend to be hard, rigid, inflexible and tough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are polymers without side branching called?

A

Crystalline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is chain stiffening?

A

Some polymers with side branching whilst having a lower density will have an overall stiffness to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are some examples of polymers with chain stiffening?

A

PVC and polystyrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why are addition polymers insoluble in water?

A

They have a high molecular weight, are non-polar and have a lack of hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is PVC susceptible to?

A

UV light which can break C-Cl bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where does PTFE get its slipperiness from?

A

The polar C-F bonds and the subsequent dipole-dipole bonds that form between neighbouring chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Occurs in the absence of a double bond and almost always releases a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

When can a condensation polymer occur?

A

If the monomer has two terminal functional groups ie OH and COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How many water molecules produced during condensation polymerisation?

A

One less than the number of monomers in the chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the monomer of polyester?

A

2-hydroxypropanoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the terminal functional groups of the monomer of polyester?

A

OH and COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What link is formed during the formation of polyesters?

A

An ester link

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the terminal functional groups of the monomer of nylon?

A

COOH and NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What link is formed during the formation of nylon?

A

An amide link

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What type of structure can carbon form?

A

Long chain, branch chain and ring structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What type of bonds do carbons form with each other and non metals?

A

Covalent compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How strong are carbon bonds?

A

Generally strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is bond energy?

A

The amount of energy required to break a bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the four ways to represent organic molecules?

A

Molecular formula, structural formula, condensed formula and skeletal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What does the molecular formula look like?

A

C2H6O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is an advantage of the molecular formula?

A

Indicated the number and type of atoms present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is a disadvantage of the molecular formula?

A

Does not show any structure or bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What does the structural formula look like?

A

Structure drawn out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is an advantage of the structural formula?

A

Shows location of atoms and it shows the number and location of covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is a disadvantage of the structural formula?

A

Tedious to draw all atoms involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What does the condensed formula look like?

A

CH3CH2OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is an advantage of the condensed formula?

A

Show connections and carbon chain as one line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is a disadvantage of the condensed formula?

A

No 3D arrangement or bonding shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

A class of carbon compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

One that contains one or more benzene rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

One that does not contain any benzene rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds in which each member differs by a CH2 unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated compounds with no double or triple conds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons that contain a double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the general formula of alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Are alkynes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What are alkyl branch groups?

A

Side branch chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How are alkyl branch names named?

A

Prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the side chain and suffix -yl used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What are cyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms that have formed a ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What are the four common cyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentene
Cyclohexene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What is the 5 steps of nomenclature?

A
  1. Select the longest carbon chain and name it
  2. IF C=C or C≡C present use appropriate suffix and indicate position with a number
  3. If branch chains present number from shortest chain and put name in front
  4. If multiple side chains number all and add appropriate prefix
  5. If there are different branch chains write them alphabetically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

How do you name halohydrocarbons?

A

Add prefix fluro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What is present in a halohydrocarbon?

103
Q

How do you name alcohols?

A

Add suffix -ol

104
Q

What is present in an alcohol?

A

Hydroxyl -OH

105
Q

How do you name an aldehyde?

A

Add suffix -al

106
Q

What is present in an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl -CO at the end of carbon chain

107
Q

How do you name a ketone?

A

Add suffix - one

108
Q

What is present in a ketone?

A

Carboxyl -CO not at the end of a carbon chain

109
Q

How do you name a carboxylic acid?

A

Add suffix -oic acid

110
Q

What is present in a carboxylic acid?

A

Carboxyl -COOH

111
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

Add suffix -yl …. - oate

112
Q

What is present in an ester?

A

Ester -COOC-

113
Q

How do you name an amine?

A

Add suffix - amine

114
Q

What is present in an amine?

A

Amino - NH2

115
Q

How do you name an amide?

A

Add suffix - amide

116
Q

What is present in an amide?

A

Amide -CONH2

117
Q

Why is a double bonded oxygen to carbon significant?

A

As it will always be counted as 1 in the carbon chain

118
Q

What is the order of priority when naming compounds?

A
  1. Carboxyl
  2. Hydroxyl
  3. Amine
  4. Alkene
  5. Alkyne
  6. Halo
119
Q

What are halokanes?

A

Alkanes with one or more hydrogens replaced

120
Q

What are haloalkanes usually used for?

A

Fire extinguishers, refrigerants, propellants, pesticides and solvents

121
Q

What are the three classifications of alcohols?

A

Primary, -OH bonded to one alkyl group
Secondary, -OH bonded to two alkyl groups
Tertiary, -OH bonded to three alkyl groups

122
Q

What is the simplest aldehyde?

A

Methanal also known as formaldehyde

123
Q

What is the simplest ketone?

A

Propanone also known as acetone

124
Q

Where are carboxylic acids commonly found?

125
Q

What are esters responsible for?

A

Flavours and smells

126
Q

How are esters made?

A

Reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

127
Q

What does an esters name contain?

A

Two words consisting of the alcohol and acid

128
Q

What can amines and amides by classified as?

A

Primary, secondary and tertiary

129
Q

What do amines usually occur as?

A

Amino acids in nature

130
Q

How are amides formed?

A

Reacting carboxylic acid with an amine

131
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that contain the same number and type of atoms but are arranged in different ways

132
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Isomers possible due to branching of hydrocarbons

133
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Isomers that exist when carbon compounds contain functional groups

134
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different functional groups

135
Q

What are the three main factors that determine physical properties of hydrocarbons?

A

Intermolecular forces between the molecules, size of the molecules and shape of the molecules

136
Q

What is the boiling point of alkanes and why?

A

Low BP as they are non-polar and have weak dispersion forces

137
Q

What is the boiling point of alkanes and why?

A

Low BP as they are non-polar and have weak dispersion forces

137
Q

How does chain length impact BP?

A

As chain length increases the BP increases as there are more attraction forces holding the molecules closer together

138
Q

Does straight chain or branch chain hydrocarbons have a higher BP?

A

Straight chain as they can fit closer together

139
Q

How does chain length impact melting point?

A

As chain length increases melting point increases

140
Q

Do carbon chains with even or odd carbon atoms have a higher MP?

A

Even as they can pack slightly closer together

141
Q

What else can impact melting point?

A

Double or triple bond can affect MP

142
Q

What is the solubility of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes in water?

A

They are insoluble in water due to non-polar nature compared to polar nature of water

143
Q

What is the BP of haloalkanes?

A

Slightly higher than alkanes due to the halogen carbon bond that allows dipole-dipole attraction

144
Q

Are alkanes, alkenes and alkynes soluble or insoluble in water and why?

A

They are insoluble due to their non-polar nature compared to polar nature of water

145
Q

How soluble are haloalkanes in water and why?

A

Only slightly more soluble than alkanes, alkenes and alkynes due to their more polar nature

146
Q

What is the density of haloalkanes?

A

Higher density than water hence settle below water

147
Q

Are alkanes, alkenes and alkynes soluble in organic solvents and why?

A

They are soluble as they are both non-polar

148
Q

Are haloalkanes soluble in organic solvents?

A

Yes as they have the same dispersion forces

149
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mix of hydrocarbons formed by geological activity

150
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A

Using fractional distillation

151
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Since BP increases as molecular weight increases separation occurs in weight order

152
Q

What is the combustion reaction?

A

Alkanes and alkenes undergoing combustion to produce CO2 and H2O

153
Q

Which one is more reactive alkenes or alkanes?

154
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

When a hydrogen atom is substituted by a halogen atom on an alkane

155
Q

What is required for a substitution reaction?

A

UV light shown on top of the arrow

156
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Double bond in an alkene breaks open to react with other substances

157
Q

What is required for a substitution reaction?

A

A catalyst

158
Q

How do you distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?

A

Add bromine water to a sample of alkane and alkene. In the dark only the alkene will react turning from red to clear

159
Q

What is the oxidisation of an alkene?

A

The reaction of an alkene with a potassium permanganate

160
Q

What is the formula for potassium permanganate?

161
Q

Where should the potassium permanganate be put in an oxidisation reaction?

A

Above the arrow

162
Q

What happens in an oxidisation reaction with cold KMnO4?

A

Produces dialcohols

163
Q

What happens in an oxidisation reaction with hot KMnO4?

A

Produces a carboxylic acid or ketone

164
Q

What is unique about the oxidisation reaction with hot KMnO4?

A

It usually occurs in two or three steps

165
Q

What is the boiling point of alcohols and why?

A

Have higher BP than similar alkane length molecules due to strong covalent bonds and hydrogen bonding

166
Q

Is alcohol soluble in water and why?

A

It is generally soluble in water due to the hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules and polar alcohol

167
Q

How does carbon chain length impact alcohol solubility in water?

A

As carbon chain increases the molecules become more non-polar hence solubility decreases

168
Q

How does carbon chain length impact alcohol solubility in organic solvents?

A

As carbon chain increases the solubility increases short chain alcohols are not soluble

169
Q

How can alcohol be formed?

A

Fermentation or substitution

170
Q

How can alcohol be formed with substitution?

A

Be reacting haloalkanes with hydroxide ions or with water

171
Q

What is required for the substitution reaction of a haloalkane with water to produce alcohol?

A

Requires a catalyst put on top of the arrow

172
Q

What type of process is fermentation?

A

An anaerobic process

173
Q

What is the most common method of fermentation?

A

The breakdown of glucose with yeast to produce ethanol and CO2

174
Q

What are the steps in fermentation?

A
  1. Yeast mixed with grain or fruit slurry
  2. Air is excluded
  3. Mixture maintained at 37 degrees c
  4. When ethanol reaches 15% yeast dies
  5. Filtration and distillation to increase conc and purity of ethanol
175
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

176
Q

What are the four most common materials used for fermentation?

A

Starchy grains, tubers, fruits and molasses

177
Q

What do monosaccharides contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

178
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Complex carbohydrates made up of monosaccharides

179
Q

How to calculate the heat of combustion?

A

Use formula q=mcAT to find q and then use formula q/change in mass

180
Q

What is heat of combustion always measured in?

181
Q

What do all the letters in q=mcAT mean?

A

q - energy absorbed by water
m - mass of water
c - specific heat capacity of water
AT - temp change

182
Q

What is required for the oxidisation of alcohols?

183
Q

What are two strong inorganic oxidising agents which can be used for the oxidisation of alcohol?

A

Acidified potassium permanganate
Acidified potassium dichromate

184
Q

What is the chemical formula for acidified potassium dichromate?

185
Q

What is formed in a primary alcohol oxidisation?

A

Initially forms an aldehyde which can then further oxidise to form a carboxylic acid

186
Q

If an aldehyde is desired what should be done in the oxidisation of a primary alcohol?

A

Lower temp and shorter time used

187
Q

If an acid is desired what should be done in the oxidisation of a primary alcohol?

A

Higher temp and longer time used

188
Q

What is required above the arrow for an oxidisation reaction of a primary alcohol?

189
Q

What is formed in a secondary alcohol oxidisation?

190
Q

What is required above the arrow for an oxidisation reaction of a secondary alcohol?

191
Q

What is formed in tertiary alcohol oxidisation?

A

They resist oxidisation and do not react

192
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

A type of elimination reaction where water is removed from an alcohol

193
Q

What is required for a dehydration reaction?

A

Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4

194
Q

What is a substitution reaction of alcohol?

A

When an alcohol reacts with hydrogen halides to form an alkyl halide and produce water

195
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When carboxylic acids and alcohols react to form esters and water

196
Q

What is required in a condensation reaction?

A

A catalyst, concentrated H2SO4 and an equilibrium arrow

197
Q

What are non-renewable resources?

A

Resources formed in the environment over a very long time and can be exhausted

198
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Naturals resources which replenish after being used and will never be depleted

199
Q

What is a sustainable resource?

A

Something that will never run out and has a lower impact on the environment

200
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Fuel made from decomposing plants and animal which can be found in the the Earth’s crust

201
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Fuel made from biomass

202
Q

Advantages of using bioethanol as a renewable fuel?

A

Is a liquid hence easy to transport, is a renewable resource, could reduce CO2 emissions and burns more cleanly and completely

203
Q

Disadvantages of using bioethanol as a renewable fuel?

A

Large areas of land needed to grow suitable crops and disposal of a large volume of smelly fermentation waste liquid

204
Q

What is the BP of carboxylic acids, amines and amides?

A

Have higher BPs than alkanes due to their functional groups being able to create hydrogen bonds

205
Q

What is the BP of aldehydes and ketones?

A

Have higher BPs than alkanes but lower than carboxylic acids due to their dipole-diploe forces

206
Q

Does an amide or an amine have a higher BP?

A

Amides since they have more hydrogen bonds

207
Q

Why do carboxylic acids have a considerably higher BP?

A

As their hydrogen bonding can form a dimer structure which is when two carboxylic acids form two hydrogen bonds

208
Q

Do amides follow the pattern for BP and chain length relativity?

A

No as amides form more complicated bonds

209
Q

Are carboxylic acids, amines and amides soluble in water?

A

Short chains are soluble is water due to their partial positive charge of the hydrogen which is attracted to the partial negative oxygen

210
Q

How does carbon chain length impact solubility of carboxylic acids, amines and amides in water?

A

As chain length increases solubility in water decreases

211
Q

Are carboxylic acids, amines and amides soluble in organic solvents?

A

Short chains are insoluble in organic solvents but as chain length increases they become more soluble

212
Q

Will carboxylic acids dissociate in water?

A

They are weak acids so they will only dissociate a little hence they need an equilibrium arrow

213
Q

Through what process are esters formed?

A

Through a condensation reaction known as esterification

214
Q

What is additionally used in labs to produce esters?

A

Heat and H2SO4

215
Q

What does H2SO4 do during esterification?

A

Acts as a catalyst lowering the activation energy and is a strong dehydrating agent removing water produced

216
Q

What is the refluxing process?

A

The process of heating a mixture with a cooling condenser so there is no loss of mixture

217
Q

What does refluxing do?

A

Increases the rate of reaction and increases yield of products

218
Q

What type of reaction is the reaction between carboxylic acid and ammonia?

A

Is a condensation reaction that produces a primary amide

219
Q

What type of reaction is the reaction between carboxylic acid and amines?

A

Is a condensation reaction that produces a secondary amide

220
Q

What is the difference between amine and amide reactivity?

A
  1. Amines are more reactive than amides and act as organic bases
  2. Amines dissociate in water
  3. Amides do not act as acids or bases
  4. Amides are less soluble in water
221
Q

What are fats and oils?

A

Are esters of glycerol and fatty acids

222
Q

What is glycerol?

A

A triple alcohol derivative of propane

223
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Are long carbon chain acids which are saturated or unsaturated

224
Q

What are fats and oils also known as?

A

Triglycerides as there are three fatty acids

225
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated are unreactive and have a higher melting point
Unsaturated are more reactive, have a lower melting point and are healthier

226
Q

What is saponification?

A

Involves the hydrolysis of fats. Triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide to form an alcohol and a salt of a fatty acid

227
Q

What is the structure of soap?

A

Long hydrocarbon tail is non-polar and hydrophobic
Negatively charged carboxyl head is polar and hydrophilic

228
Q

What are micelles?

A

When the hydrophobic tails are on the inside and hydrophilic heads are on the outside

229
Q

How does soap work?

A

Hydrophobic tails dissolve in grease surrounding it allowing the grease to float in the water off the fabric or skin

230
Q

What monomer forms polypropene?

231
Q

What is the structure of propene?

A

H2C=CH-CH3

232
Q

What is the structure of polypropene?

A

(H2C-CH)
|
CH3

233
Q

What are thermoplastics?

A

Polymers which can soften and become mouldable when heated

234
Q

What is considered a thermoplastic?

A

Polyethene, polypropene, PVC and nylon

235
Q

What are thermosettings?

A

Polymers which decompose or burn when heated

236
Q

What is considered a thermosetting?

A

Epoxy, silicone

237
Q

What are elastomers?

A

Polymers with elastic properties as the polymer chains can still move past each other

238
Q

How many chain isomers does pentane have?

239
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

240
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkenes?

241
Q

What substance would increase the yield of the product during esterification?

A

More alkanol

242
Q

What is the colour change of the oxidisation of butanol?

A

Purple to colourless

243
Q

What is the colour change of the oxidisation of ethanol?

A

Orange to green

244
Q

What bond angle does an alkyne have?

A

180 degrees

245
Q

How do Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples remove toxins from cycad plants?

A

Fermentation and leaching

246
Q

How does the process of leaching work to get rid of toxins in cycad plants?

A

Seeds are crushed and put in mesh bag and placed in flowing river. Toxins are polar due to OH making them soluble in water and are washed away

247
Q

Why are pH probes better than indicators?

A

The use of an indicator is a destructive test and observing the colour change is subjective

248
Q

What is the word equation for saponification?

A

triglyceride + sodium hydroxide –> alcohol + fatty acid salt

249
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

Another name for soaps and detergents

250
Q

What does a surfactant do?

A

Lowers the surface tension of water by interrupting hydrogen bonding

251
Q

How are soaps and detergents emulsifiers?

A

They can cause immiscible samples of oil and water to undergo emulsion and mix together

252
Q

How does the hydrophobic tales of soap molecules bond with grease?

A

Via dispersion forces

253
Q

How does the hydrophilic head of soap molecules bond with water?

A

Via Dipole diploe attraction

Chemistry - Year 12 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions