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ABFT Exam Prep 1 > Module 8: Alcohols, Glycols > Flashcards

Module 8: Alcohols, Glycols Flashcards

1
Q

Methanol, Ethanol, and Isopropanol are all alcohols by their structure; acetone is really a _____ by its structure

A

ketone

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2
Q

What is present in grey top blood tubes?

A

1 % Sodium Fluoride (preservative) potassium oxalate (anti-coagulant)

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3
Q

Type of elimination that Ethanol falls under

A

Zero-Order Elimination

-Constant amount eliminated per unit time
-Switches to first-order at smaller concentrations

0.015 - 0.020 g/100 mL/hr

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4
Q

Where most EtOH is absorbed

A

Small Intestine

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5
Q

How long does it take for most alcohol to be absorbed?

A

1 hour

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6
Q

Approximate conversion for Serum to Blood EtOH concentration

A

1.2

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7
Q

Volume of Distribution of EtOH for Men vs. Women

A

men = 0.68 L/kg
women = 0.55 L/kg

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8
Q

True or False:
If doing a retrograde extrapolation must question if person is in absorption or elimination phase

A

True

-If person is still absorbing, the [EtOH] will be greater at time of blood sampling compared to actual OVI

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9
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

relationship between concentration of dissolved gasses in a liquid to the concentration of the air above the liquid; concentration in lungs directly related to that in blood

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10
Q

BAC : BrAC

A

2300:1

(shown as 2100:1 in these quizzes…)

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11
Q

How is EtOH metabolized and eliminated by the body?

A

2-5% breath, urine, sweat

~0.1% Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfide

95% Oxidative metabolism via ADH

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12
Q

Explain Oxidative Metabolism of EtOH.

A

3 ways:
1) EtOH + ADH –> Acetaldehyde; Acetaldehyde + ALDH –> Acetate
involves reducing NAD+ to NADH

2) Catalase

3) CYP2E1

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13
Q

Where can alcohol dehydrogenase be found?

A

In cytosol of cells in liver and stomach

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14
Q

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

A

CYP2E1

Found in microsomal fraction of liver hepatocytes

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15
Q

This is inducible is a person is a chronic ethanol user

A

CYP2E1 Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System

This means alcoholics can concert ethanol faster; have faster elimination rates

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16
Q

Accumulate of acetaldehyde is influenced by what four enzymes?

A

ADH, catalase, CYP2E1, ALDH

17
Q

2 Ethanol Biomarkers

A

Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfide

18
Q

What is ALDH?

A

Enzyme that converts Aldehyde to Acetate (in Ethanol metabolism)

19
Q

allele variation present in East Asians (~45%)

A

ALDH allele variation; means inactive ALDH2 enzymes

20
Q

Specimen to Blood Concentrations in post absorptive stage

Saliva, Spinal Fluid
Vitreous
Bile
Liver
Kidney
Brain
Urine

A

Saliva, Spinal Fluid 1.1
Vitreous 1.2
Bile 1.0
Liver 0.6
Kidney 0.7
Brain 0.8
Urine 1.3

Think: organs are slightly less; rest are slightly more

Serum = 1.2, Urine =1.3/1.4

21
Q

3 Types of Glycols

A

Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze, solvent)
Propylene Glycol (preservative, emollient in medications)
Diethylene Glycol (car things, solvent)

22
Q

Metabolic Pathway of Ethylene Glycol

A

Ethylene Glycol + ADH –> Glycoaldehyde
Glycoaldehyde + ALDH –> Glycolic Acid
(Glycolic Acid +GADH –> Glyoxazlic Acid)
(Glyoxalic Acid + GADH –> Oxalic Acid)
Oxalic Acid + Ca2+ –> Calcium Oxalate

23
Q

Stages of Toxicity for Ethylene Glycol

A

1) Neurological (appears innebriated, nausea, coma, convulsions)
2) Cardiopulmonary (tachypnea, tachycardia, hypertention, CHF, pulmonary edema)
3) Renal (flank pain, tubular necrosis)

24
Q

Treatment for Ethylene Glycol Poisoning

A

-Ethanol! It competes for ADH
-Enzyme will be busy metabolizing EtOH and Ethylene Glycol can’t break down into toxic metabolites
-Person can then undergo hemodialysis to clear Ethylene Glycol

25
Q

Methanol is primarily metabolized via alcohol dehydrogenase to:

A

Production of formaldehyde

(Methanol –>Formaldehyde –> Formic Acid)

26
Q

Significant hypocalcemia can occur with:
Ethanol toxicity
Acetone toxicity
Ethylene glycol toxicity
Methanol toxicity
Isopropanol toxicity

A

Ethylene glycol toxicity

Hypocalcemia means not enough; think about the pathway and formation of calcium oxalate

27
Q

Antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning:

A

Fomepizole

28
Q

These crystals are associated with ethylene glycol poisoning:

A

Calcium Oxalate

29
Q

The fermentation of glucose in blood to produce ethanol can be prevented by:

A

Sodium Fluoride (1%)

30
Q

Metabolite of Isopropanol

A

Acetone

31
Q

Methanol, Ethanol and Isopropanol. Rank in order from most toxic to least toxic:

A

Methanol, Isopropanol, Ethanol

32
Q

Ethylene glycol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to:

A

Glycoaldehyde

33
Q

A person experiencing ethylene glycol toxicity may show:
Deep and rapid breathing
Shallow and rapid breathing
Deep and slow breathing
Shallow and slow breathing

A

Deep and rapid breathing

34
Q

This substance is sometimes present in chronic alcoholics and malnourished individuals: Acetone

A

Acetone

35
Q

Fatal poisoning due to methanol is usually a result of:

A

Production of formic acid

36
Q

In the absorption phase, the blood alcohol concentration is 52 mg/dL. The vitreous alcohol concentration is expected to be ________ as compared to the blood alcohol concentration.

Lower, higher, or equivalent

A

Lower

*pay attention to absorption vs post absorption

ABFT Exam Prep 1 (10 decks)

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