MODULE 8 Flashcards
Physical growth increases in the preschool years, although much ______ than in infancy and toddlerhood.
Slower
Refers to the point at which body weight is evenly distributed.
Center of gravity
Preschooler’s center of gravity is right near the ______ giving them more ability to be more stable and balanced than the toddler.
Belly button
At around __ or ___ is the best time to begin learning skills that require balance like biking or skating.
5 or 6
Permanent teeth are ready to come out by what age?
6 years old
This refers to acquiring skills that involve the large muscles
Gross motor development
Gross motor are categorized into 3, what are those?
- Locomotor skills
- Non-locomotor skills
- Manipulative skills
Involve going from one place to another like walking, running, climbing, skipping, hopping, creeping, galloping, and dodging.
Locomotor skills
Those were the child stays in place like bending, stretching, turning, and swaying.
Non-locomotor skills
Involve projecting and receiving objects such as throwing, striking, bouncing, catching, dribbling.
Manipulative skills
Preschoolers are generally physically active, with level of activity highest around ___ and a little less as the preschooler gets older.
3 years old
This is acquiring the ability to use the smaller muscles in the arms, hands, and fingers purposefully such as picking, squeezing, pounding and opening things, holding and using a writing implement.
Fine motor development
Examples of self-help skills
Using a spoon and fork when eating
Buttoning
Zipping
Combing
Brushing
Significant progress in fine motor skills can be expected especially if they are _______ and _______
Supported and appropriate activities are provided
The preference of the use of one hand over the other, usually established around 4 years of age.
Handedness
Preschool children show their cognitive abilities by being able to draw objects that are not present, by their dramatic increase in their language, and make-believe play.
Symbolic Sub-stage
In this sub-stage, they begin to use primitive reasoning and ask a lot of questions, facilitated by their growing language capabilities.
Intuitive sub-stage
Preschoolers who use this fail to distinguish the appropriate occasions for using human and non-huan perspectives. They realize events have cause although the perceived causes are not correct.
Animisim
Another limitation in preschoolers symbolic thought, the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective, like nodding while talking to his father on the phone thinking that his father can see him.
Egocentrism
Focusing on or centering of one’s attention on one characteristics to the exclusion of others. Also referred to as uni-dimensional thought. This is also an evidence of the pre-schoolers’ lack of conservation.
Centration
Failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions. He is not yet capable of reversible thinking or working backwards.
Irreversibility
A preschooler does not use deductive or inductive reasoning, instead they jump from one particular to another and see cause where none exists
Transductive reasoning
Shown in the preschooler’s ability to mentally represent an object that is not present; they do not need to be in sensorimotor contact with an object, person or event in order to think about it.
Symbolic thought
TRUE OR FALSE
Socio-emotional development is crucial in the preschool years.
TRUE
Big ideas on Preschooler’s Socio-emotional Development
1) The development of initiative is crucial to the preschooler
2) A healthy self-concept is needed for preschoolers to interact with others.
3) Environmental factors influence gender identity in young children.
4) Preschoolers’ social development is shown through the stages of play.
5) The care-giving styles of parents and teachers affect the preschoolers’ socio-emotional development
6) Preschoolers are interested in building friendships.
Erickson’s view of initiative portrays the emotional and social changes thag happen during the preschool years, with the psychological conflict of initiative versus guilt
Preschoolers’ Initiative
Erickson believed that _____ preschoolers develop initiative.
Healthy
If the adults show overprotection, extreme restriction and criticisms, the preschooler will develop _____.
Guilt
This is setting realistic boundaries that keep preschoolers safe and respectful of self and others, while allowing them greater opportunity to explore, take risks and to engage in creative processes.
Judiciouspermissiveness
Refers to the way you one sees himself, a general view about one’s abilities, strengths and weaknesses.
Self-concept
Refers to one’s judgements about one’s worth
Self-esteem
The process of forming gender roles, gender-based preferences and behaviors accepted by society
Gender typing
View of oneself as being masculine or feminine
Gender identity
Gender typing and gender identity are influenced by environmental factors such as?
- Family
- Teachers
- Peers
- Mass media
This is the main agenda of preschooler. This has a social dimension as the child develops and social interaction with playmates increases
Play
______ in the 1930s started the Stages of Play which describe the play development of children and the gradual increase of social interaction they go through.
Mildred Parten
What are the stages of Play?
1) Unoccupied
2) Onlooker
3) Solitary Play
4) Parallel Play
5) Associative Play
6) Cooperative
The child appears not to be playing but directs his attention on anything that interests him.
Unoccupied
Child spends time watching others play. Hey may talk to them but does not enter into play with them.
Onlooker
Child starts to play on his own. He seems not to notice other children playing nearby.
Solitary play
Child plays with toys similar to those near him but only plays beside an not with them. No interaction takes place.
Parallel play
Child plays with others. There is interaction among them, but no task assignment, rules and organization are agreed upon.
Associative play
Child plays with others bound by some agreed upon rules and roles. The goal is may be to make something, play a game or act out something.
Cooperative
_________ of parents, teachers and other adults that care for the child affect his/her socio-emotional development.
Caregiving styles
Baumrind (1960s) and Marion (2007) identified the varying degrees of demandingness and responsiveness as determinants of 4 styles of caregiving. What are those styles?
1) Authoritative
2) Permissive
3) Authoritarian
4) Negligent
These are caregiver behaviors that pertain to expression of affection and communication. Refers to how warm, caring, and respectful the adult is to the child.
Responsiveness
Refers to the level of control and expectations; involves discipline and confrontation strategies.
Demandingness
As they continue to grow, preschoolers become interested in having friends.
Friendship in Preschool
Friendship of preschoolers should be encouraged as this benefits development by providing _______, _____, ______, ________, and ______.
Stimulation, assistance, companionship, social comparison, and affection.
