Module 8 Flashcards
Give examples of endocrine conditions?
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Hypoglycaemia
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma
- Hyper/Hypo Thyroidism
- Grave’s Disease
- Myxedema
- Cushing’s Syndrome
- Addison’s Disease
What are the causes of excess or deficit hormones when inhibited by an endocrine disorder?
– Failure of feedback systems
– Hyper or hypo-secretion of a hormone
– Ectopic source of hormone production (adenoma)
– Lack of response from the target cell
What type of hormone does the hypothalamus secret?
Regulatory hormones (dopamine, corticotropin)
What hormone does the pineal hormone secrete?
Melatonin
What types of hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
Anterior:
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Growth hormone
- Prolactin
- Follicle stimulating hormone
- Melanin stimulating hormone
Posterior
- Oxytocin
- ADH
What hormones does the thyroid secrete?
- T3
- T4
What is the role of the thymus gland?
Secretes thymosin which produces T cells. This is typically completed by the age of 18 and the glad then atrophies and decays.
What are the two parts of the kidneys?
- Cortex
- Medulla
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?
Cortex:
- Aldosterone
- Steroids
- Cortisol
Medulla
- Adrenaline
- Nor-adrenaline
What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
- Insulin (beta cells)
- Glucagon (alpha cells)
What is the role of glucagon,
- We store glycogen in our liver and glucagon stimulates the breakdown of the glycogen (glycogenesis) to increase glucose levels.
What are the 3 types of diabetes?
- Type 1 (childhood)
- Type 2 (adulthood)
- Gestational (pregnancy)
What is the pathophysiology of maintaining a normal BGL?
- Sugary meal = increases glucose in the blood.
- Increase detected by the beta cells of the pancreas and secrete insulin.
- Insulin transports glucose out of the blood and into the cells where it can be used as energy.
- Once the glucose is used the blood glucose begins to drop.
- The drop is detected by the alpha cells of the pancreas and they secrete glucagon.
- Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver to increase the sugar levels again.
What is type one diabetes? and what are the risk factors and manifestations of it?
An absolute deficiency of insulin (pancreatic beta cell destruction)
Risk factors:
- cows milk before 3 months old (high in phosphate)
- High intake of nitrosamine food additives
- Contracting rubella, mumps, coxsackievirus or cytomegalovirus
Manifestation occurs once 80-90% of beta cells are destroyed, peaking around age 12.
What happens when we have no insulin?
– Hyperglycaemia – exacerbated by unopposed glucagon
– Other counter-regulatory hormones contribute (e.g. cortisol)
– Lipids & proteins used for gluconeogenesis
– By-products such as ketoacids accumulate
– Fatigue, tissue wasting & weight loss occur
– Glucose draws water from cells (osmotic diuretic effect)
– Glucose eventually spills over into the urine causing polyuria
– Compensatory polyphagia & polydipsia occurs
