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Medical Studies 1 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of the living organism (physiology) in the presence of disease or suffering (pathos).

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2
Q

What does pathophysiology help to do?

A
  • Recognise and prevent disease
  • Understand manifestation and complications
  • Guide questioning and documents
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3
Q

What is the difference between gross and microscopic level?

A

Gross: Organ or system level. Microscopic: Cellular level.

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4
Q

What are the types of pathophysiological intervention?

A
  • Primary: Prevention – Education, immunisations, laws
  • Secondary: Slow down impact of diagnosed condition – medications, treatments
  • Tertiary: Managing long term conditions – chronic pain management, therapy, support group.
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5
Q

What is the difference between Idiopathic & iatrogenic?

A

Idiopathic: Cause of the disease is unknown
Iatrogenic: Disease caused by medical treatments, procedures, or medical errors.

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6
Q

What is a prophylaxis?

A

Prophylaxis: Measures designed to prevent disease (EG. Ondansetron)

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7
Q

Define Pathogenicity:

A

Refers to the development of a disease

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8
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic?

A

Acute quick onset, short duration / Chronic: slow on set, long duration

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9
Q

Define subclinical:

A

No obvious manifestations despite disease

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10
Q

Define latent:

A

Incubation period in infectious disease (HIV)

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11
Q

Define prodromal:

A

Early stage of vague, nonspecific symptoms.

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12
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A

Signs are objective (vitals, rash, things we can see) / Symptoms are subjective (pain, headache, nausea, things we cannot see)

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13
Q

What is a precipitation factor?

A

The triggering event (EG. Bee sting = anaphylaxis reaction)

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14
Q

Define Sequelae:

A

A pathophysiological consequence of a disease

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15
Q

Define Convalescence:

A

The period of recovery and return to health

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16
Q

Define Prognosis:

A

Probability of recover

17
Q

Define Morbidity

A

Disease rate within population

18
Q

Define Mortality:

A

numbers of deaths attributable to a specific disease

19
Q

Define Epidemic:

A

spread of a infection across a large population across one area (Ebola)

20
Q

Define Endemic

A

found in a certain area or group and doesn’t disappear (malaria in Africa)

21
Q

Define Pandemic:

A

Worldwide spread of a new disease (covid)

22
Q

What are examples of notifiable/reportable disease?

A

Covid, HIV, TB, Polio, Hep B

23
Q

Define Epidemiology:

A

Patterns of distribution (frequency, patterns) and determinants (cause, risk factors) within specific populations.

24
Q

What are cellular adaptations?

A
  • Response to changing conditions in order to avoid cellular injury. When this fails, we present with signs and symptoms.
25
Q

What are the 5 cellular growth patens in focus for this unit?

A
  • Atrophy: Decrease in size
  • Hypertrophy: Increase and size and volume
  • Hyperplasia: Multiply cells
  • Dysplasia: Abnormal changes size shape and organisation of cells (cancerous)
  • Metaplasia: Transformation of a cell into another cell caused by external stimulus (less likely to be cancerous)
26
Q

What are some causes of interruption of cellular function where the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Ischemia/hypoxia
  • Injury
  • Immune response
27
Q

Explain the 4-step process of cellular mechanism of injury:

A
  • Disruption of permeability & transport mechanisms across cell membrane
  • ↓ Cell metabolism
  • Cellular swelling & damage to organelles
  • Inflammation is often triggered → systemic symptoms such as fever
28
Q

Define necrosis:

A

Autodigestion of cells, which typically triggers an inflammatory response.

29
Q

Define Apoptosis:

A

programmed cell death

30
Q

Define Gangrene

A

A large area of cell death.

31
Q

What are the types of gangrene and an example of each?

A

Dry – frost bite. Wet – internal organs. Gaseous – infection of clostridium perfringens causing toxic gas release and can result in sepsis

32
Q

The use of “itis” indications what?

A
  • Inflammation = protective response
33
Q

Describe acute pain and how it may present.

A

Describe acute pain and how it may present.

34
Q

Describe somatic pain.

A
  • Well localised
  • Throbbing or aching
  • Superficial (skin, muscles) or deep (joints, bones)
35
Q

Describe visceral pain.

A
  • Poorly localised, vague, and diffused

- Typically generating from hollow organs and smooth muscles

36
Q

A ___________________ is an area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.

A

Dermatome

Medical Studies 1 (11 decks)

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