Module 1 Flashcards
What is pathophysiology?
The study of the living organism (physiology) in the presence of disease or suffering (pathos).
What does pathophysiology help to do?
- Recognise and prevent disease
- Understand manifestation and complications
- Guide questioning and documents
What is the difference between gross and microscopic level?
Gross: Organ or system level. Microscopic: Cellular level.
What are the types of pathophysiological intervention?
- Primary: Prevention – Education, immunisations, laws
- Secondary: Slow down impact of diagnosed condition – medications, treatments
- Tertiary: Managing long term conditions – chronic pain management, therapy, support group.
What is the difference between Idiopathic & iatrogenic?
Idiopathic: Cause of the disease is unknown
Iatrogenic: Disease caused by medical treatments, procedures, or medical errors.
What is a prophylaxis?
Prophylaxis: Measures designed to prevent disease (EG. Ondansetron)
Define Pathogenicity:
Refers to the development of a disease
What is the difference between acute and chronic?
Acute quick onset, short duration / Chronic: slow on set, long duration
Define subclinical:
No obvious manifestations despite disease
Define latent:
Incubation period in infectious disease (HIV)
Define prodromal:
Early stage of vague, nonspecific symptoms.
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
Signs are objective (vitals, rash, things we can see) / Symptoms are subjective (pain, headache, nausea, things we cannot see)
What is a precipitation factor?
The triggering event (EG. Bee sting = anaphylaxis reaction)
Define Sequelae:
A pathophysiological consequence of a disease
Define Convalescence:
The period of recovery and return to health
Define Prognosis:
Probability of recover
Define Morbidity
Disease rate within population
Define Mortality:
numbers of deaths attributable to a specific disease
Define Epidemic:
spread of a infection across a large population across one area (Ebola)
Define Endemic
found in a certain area or group and doesn’t disappear (malaria in Africa)
Define Pandemic:
Worldwide spread of a new disease (covid)
What are examples of notifiable/reportable disease?
Covid, HIV, TB, Polio, Hep B
Define Epidemiology:
Patterns of distribution (frequency, patterns) and determinants (cause, risk factors) within specific populations.
What are cellular adaptations?
- Response to changing conditions in order to avoid cellular injury. When this fails, we present with signs and symptoms.
What are the 5 cellular growth patens in focus for this unit?
- Atrophy: Decrease in size
- Hypertrophy: Increase and size and volume
- Hyperplasia: Multiply cells
- Dysplasia: Abnormal changes size shape and organisation of cells (cancerous)
- Metaplasia: Transformation of a cell into another cell caused by external stimulus (less likely to be cancerous)
What are some causes of interruption of cellular function where the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis?
- Ischemia/hypoxia
- Injury
- Immune response
Explain the 4-step process of cellular mechanism of injury:
- Disruption of permeability & transport mechanisms across cell membrane
- ↓ Cell metabolism
- Cellular swelling & damage to organelles
- Inflammation is often triggered → systemic symptoms such as fever
Define necrosis:
Autodigestion of cells, which typically triggers an inflammatory response.
Define Apoptosis:
programmed cell death
Define Gangrene
A large area of cell death.
What are the types of gangrene and an example of each?
Dry – frost bite. Wet – internal organs. Gaseous – infection of clostridium perfringens causing toxic gas release and can result in sepsis
The use of “itis” indications what?
- Inflammation = protective response
Describe acute pain and how it may present.
Describe acute pain and how it may present.
Describe somatic pain.
- Well localised
- Throbbing or aching
- Superficial (skin, muscles) or deep (joints, bones)
Describe visceral pain.
- Poorly localised, vague, and diffused
- Typically generating from hollow organs and smooth muscles
A ___________________ is an area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve.
Dermatome
