Module 8

Question 1

Manual Processing

Answer 1

A ‘Dark Room’ is necessary
• 1.On exposure a latent image is formed
• 2.Image must be developed to be seen
• 3.Must then be fixed to make it a permanent film

Question 2

Development

Stage 1

Answer 2

• The radiograph is fully immersed in the developing solution which is alkaline
• The solution will oxidise within 10-14 days so always keep this covered when not in use and follow manufacturers
instructions
• Check the temperature of the solution and immerse for the correct time - 20°C for 5 minutes, 21°C for 4 ½ minutes, 22°C
for 4 minutes
• The silver halide crystals will be converted to black metallic silver and will produce grey/black areas of image

Problems:
• Too long/hot – dark film
• Too short/cool – light film
• Image is not permanent so could fade

Question 3

Development

Stage 2

Answer 3

• Wash to remove residual developer

Question 4

Development

Stage 3

Answer 4

• Unsensitized silver halide removed to show transparent/white areas of the image
• Hardens emulsion which makes the image permanent
• Immersion 8 -10 minutes – (twice the amount of time of the developer0 to remove crystals
• Wet viewing after 2 -3 minutes but don’t forget complete process

Problems:
• Green/yellow – inadequate fixing – eventually turns brown

Question 5

Development

Stage 4

Answer 5

• Wash

* Running water

Question 6

Development

Stage 5

Answer 6

Dry

Question 7

Automated Processing

Answer 7

Same sequence as manual processing but no wash between the developer and the fixer as the rollers squeeze off excess liquid.

ADVANTAGES:
• The complete cycle takes approximately 5 minutes
• Uses less space than manual processing and is relatively easy to maintain
• Automatic replenishment of chemicals

DISADVANTAGES:
• Regular maintenance and cleaning
• Require plumbing for some machines
• Relatively expensive
• Require the correct size machine for larger films

Question 8

Self Developing Film

Answer 8

Specialised packet contains
• developer and fixersolution.
• Pull a tab to release developer and the push contents into film compartment and work around for approximately 15 seconds.
• Fixer tab – same procedure.
• Discard chemicals and rinse film – running water 10 mins.

Advantages:
• No dark room
• Time saving

Disadvantages:
• Poor image quality
• Rapid deterioration of image
• No lead foil
• Easily bent due to flexibility of packet
• Difficult to use in holders
• Relatively expensive

Question 9

Dark film

Answer 9

• Developer too concentrate
• Too hot
• Immersed too long

Question 10

Blank film

Answer 10

• Fixed before developing

Question 11

Partly blank film

Answer 11

• Partially immersion in developer

Question 12

Fogged film

Answer 12

• Not light tight

Question 13

Faint image

Answer 13

• Developer too weak
• Temp too low
• Not immersed long enough

Question 14

Fading image

Answer 14

• Inadequate fixing

Question 15

Loss of film

Answer 15

• Film stuck – poor maintenance

Question 16

Visible artefacts

Answer 16

• Contaminated film solution spillage