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ecology exam 2 and 3 > module 8 > Flashcards

module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A 
A group of interacting organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Bound by:
Geography
Behavior
Resources
Convenience
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2
Q

Population Structure

A 
All features of population that characterize the population
-Biotic Structure
# of Individuals & Density
Age Classes
-Spatial Structure
Geographic Distribution
Arrangement & Size of Habitats
Spatial arrangement of Individuals
Dispersion and Spacing
Movement Patterns 
-Genetic Structure & Variation
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3
Q

Organisms May Be:

Unitary

A

exists as individuals

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4
Q

Modular

A

Most plants are modular

develop by branching, producing repeated structural units (modules)

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5
Q

Stolons

A

specialized stems that grow above the ground surface

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6
Q

Rhizomes

A

specialized stems that grow below the ground surface

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7
Q

Suckers

A

New stems that sprout from surface roots

May appear to be individuals

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8
Q

Genet

A

Plant produced by sexual reproduction

A genetic individual

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9
Q

Ramet

A

Module produced asexually by a genet

A clone

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10
Q

Geographic Range is an

determined by

A

Geographic area in which a species occur

Determined by Ecological Range
Species’ range of conditions
Constrained by:
Geographic Barriers
Distance
Physical Features
Competition
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11
Q

Ubiquitous species

A

Geographically widespread distribution

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12
Q

Endemic species

many endemic species have

A

Geographically restricted distribution

many endemic species have specialized habitat requirements

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13
Q

Climate often influences species distributions via:

A

Food production
Water supply
Habitat
Incidence of parasites, pathogens & competitors.

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14
Q

Geographic Range Encompasses Lifetime
One Area may be used Little
Range often Divided by

A

One Area may be used Little
Range often Divided by:
Life-stages
Temporal Use

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15
Q

Migration

A 
Annual of seasonal movement of animals
Driven by:
Local Climate & Seasons
Food Availability
Variations in Life cycle
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16
Q

Dispersal

A

One-way Movement of individuals

away from native or current habitat or existing population

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17
Q

Dispersal driven by

A 
Reproduction
Resources
Competition
Changing Environment
Natural 
Man Made
Natural Cycles
Often occurs in Rapid Pulses
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18
Q

Dispersal
is movement away from
To Areas of
Dispersal coupled with. Maintains Distribution

A

Movement of individuals
Away from Birthplace
To Areas of Lesser Density
Dispersal coupled with Ecological Range Maintains Distribution

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19
Q

Dispersal in Rivers & Streams

A 
Stream dwellers 
mechanisms to allow them to maintain their stream position.
Streamlined bodies
Bottom-dwelling
Adhesion to surfaces
Tend to get washed downstream in spates.
Upstream Dispersal
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20
Q

Colonization cycle

populations maintained via

A

populations maintained via dynamic interplay between downstream and upstream dispersal.

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21
Q

Habitat

A

The Place where an organism lives
Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular animal and plant species
Characterized by dominant plant form or physical features

22
Q

Landscape Features Varied

organisms are not always

A

Suitable Habitat Not Equally Distributed

Organisms not Equally Distributed

23
Q

Subpopulations

A 
Local Groups of larger population of organisms that lives in a Habitat Patch
Subpopulations Interact 
But Interaction Limited
Maintains Genetic Pool
Different Population Dynamics
Growth Rates
Sex Ratios
24
Q

Habitat Patches

geographically

A

Geographically Isolated
Uninhabitable Land
Interchange Occur

25
Q

Spatial Distribution

range determined by:

A

Frequency of Exchange
Environmental Conditions
Interactions with Other Species

26
Q

Hierarchy of Distribution

____ uses of landscapes

A

Different Factors at Different Scales

Varying uses of Landscapes

27
Q 
Random
lack of \_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ distribution
resources \_\_\_\_ limiting 
lack of 
\_\_\_\_ competition of aggression
\_\_\_\_\_ mutual attraction
A 
Lack of Pattern
Factors
Random distribution of resources.
Resources not Limiting Overall
Amounts Vary across Landscape
Lack of Strong Interactive or Social Forces
Little Competition or Aggression
Ambiguous Dispersal Tendencies
No Mutual Attraction
28
Q

Regular
also called
____ use of areas
______ behaviors and competition

A 
Also Called Uniform, Even
Uniformly spaced
Exclusive use of areas.
Factors:
Homogeneous Resource Distribution
Relatively Common but likely somewhat Limited
Why?
Individuals avoid one another.
Aggressive Behaviors and Competition
Strong Dispersal Tendencies
29
Q 
Clumped
also called what 
\_\_\_\_\_ chance of being anywhere
form \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ resource distribution
resources are 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ attraction
\_\_\_\_\_\_ dispersal tendencies
A 
Also called Aggregated
Unequal chance of being anywhere
Form groups 
Factors
Heterogenous resource distribution.
Abundant where found
Mutual attraction between individuals.
Weak Dispersal Tendencies
30
Q

A metapopulation

connected by

A

Collection of groups (subpopulations)
living on patches of habitat
connected by an exchange of individuals.

31
Q

Metapopulation
Source-Sink Dynamics
source produce enough offspring to ____

A 
Source
Produce enough offspring to maintain population size
Often in excess
Young move to sinks
Often superior habitat quality
Sink
Reproduction < Death
Maintained by Immigration
32
Q

Populations Maintained by Turnover Event

A 
Extinction 
Subsequent recolonization of local population 
Rates determined by:
Individual population dynamics
Isolation
33
Q 
Rate of Extinction
Higher in:
\_\_\_\_\_ populations
\_\_\_\_ habitats 
slight increase in 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ immigration
\_\_\_\_\_\_ negabile
A 
Small populations
Small habitat
Isolation Negligible
Slight increase 
limited immigration
34
Q 
Rate of Colonization
higher in 
\_\_\_\_ habitats
\_\_\_\_\_ isolated
\_\_\_\_\_ negligible
reduction when competition \_\_\_\_\_
A 
Higher in:
Large Habitats
Less Isolated
Population size Negligible
Slight reduction 
increased competition
35
Q

Metapopulations are valuable

A

Valuable for populations with Patchy Habitats
Patchiness of Suitable Habitat
Influenced by specialization of species
Mistletoe

Patchiness caused by other species
Canopy Gap Plants

Patchiness Caused by Topographical Variations
Patchiness Caused by Human Activities

36
Q

Density

A 
# of individuals / unit area
Biomass / area
37
Q

Abundance

A

Actual number/biomass of organisms

38
Q

In general, population density declines

with _____ organism size

A

with increasing organism size.

39
Q

Herbivorous mammals

Population density with increased body size.

A

Population density decreased with increased body size.

40
Q

Aquatic invertebrates

A

Tend to have higher population densities than terrestrial invertebrates of similar size.

41
Q

Mammals

A

tend to have higher population densities than birds of similar size

42
Q

Plant populations density
Density _____ with plant size.
Underlying details are very different.

A

Density decreases with increasing plant size.
Underlying details are very different.
Tree seedlings can live at very high densities,
But as the trees grow, density declines progressively until mature trees are at low densities.
Self-thinning Rule

43
Q

survival is estimated

A

Estimated with Life-Tables

44
Q

two main types of estimation

age distribution

A 
Life Tables
-Cohort life table
Identify individuals born at same time 
Keep records from birth.
-Static life table
Record age at death of individuals
Estimate # born & mortality Rates

Age distribution
Calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class.
Assumes differences from mortality.

45
Q

Population with non-overlapping generations

A

Does not have an age structure
individuals reproduce and die within a single season
annual plants and some insects

46
Q

Population with overlapping generations

A

Has an age structure
Individuals in different age classes
reproduction is restricted to certain age classes
mortality is more common in certain age classes

47
Q

Populations can be divided into three ecologically important age classes

A

prereproductive
reproductive
postreproductive

48
Q

Age Structure

A

Number of Different Age Classes

Number of Individuals in Each

49
Q

Populations of sexually reproducing organisms usually have a sex ratio close to

A

1:1 (males:females)

50
Q

Most mammalian populations sex ratio at birth(secondary sex ratio)

A

slightly weighted towards males

51
Q

Shifts towards females in older age classes

A

males generally have a shorter life span than females

many characterized by rivalries among males for resources/mates

52
Q

Determining Age

A

Examining a sample of bodies of individuals that have died and determine their ages at death
Characteristics that indicate age
wear and replacement of teeth
growth rings in the teeth or horns
plumage changes and wear in birds
annual growth rings on scales and ear bones in fish

ecology exam 2 and 3 (10 decks)

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