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ecology exam 2 and 3 > module 7 > Flashcards

module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

surface area

A

rate of exchange

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2
Q

volume

A

rate of use/production

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3
Q

as surface area increases

A

size increase and volume increases

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4
Q

surface area increase and ability to exchange

A

ability to exchange quicker

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5
Q

SA to volume ratio increases

A

in smaller organisms, better oxygen in and out, obtains nutrients faster

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6
Q

SA to volume ration decreases

A

in larger organisms, limited oxygen in and out, refrain from loosing heat

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7
Q

A convulted surface

A

increases the surface area of the organisms

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8
Q

animals require oxygen

most organisms are increase what

A

most organisms are oxygen regulators, increase surface area

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9
Q

oxygen in water is

A

-oxygen less soluble in water

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10
Q

as temp increases solubility of oxygen

A

decreases

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11
Q

concurrent flow

A

maintain gradient by water flowing opposite the way blood flows

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12
Q

herbivores

A

feed on plants

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13
Q

carnivore

A

feed on flesh

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14
Q

detrivores

A

feed on non living organic matter

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15
Q

animals can respond to evironment variations in two ways

A

conform

regulate

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16
Q

Conformers

A

changes in external environment cause parallel changes in body

unable to maintain consistent internal conditions different than the external environment

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17
Q

conformers ability to survive depends on

A

depends on its range of tolerance to internal changes

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18
Q

Regulators

A

changes in external environment do not cause internal changes
able to maintain consistent internal conditions
Different than external environment
over a broad range of environmental conditions

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19
Q

Conformity Benefits

A

low energetic expenditure

mechanisms to maintain a consistent internal environment not needed

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20
Q

conformity costs

A

If environmental conditions are not optimal

Can lead to reduced activity, growth, reproduction

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21
Q

Regulation
benefits
and costs

A 
Benefits 
Greatly extended range of environmental conditions for:
Activity
Growth
Reproduction 
Increased level of performance

Costs
Usually energetically expensive

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22
Q

Homeostasis

depends on

A

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment
Depends on negative feedback

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23
Q

Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We – Ws (+ Wm)

A 
Wia= Animal’s internal water
Wd = Drinking
Wf = Food
Wa = Absorbed from air
We = Evaporation
Ws = Secretion / Excretion
Wm = Metabolic Water
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24
Q

Metabolic water

A

refers to the water released during cellular respiration.

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25
Q

more concentrated urine

A

less water loss

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26
Q

less concentrated urine

A

more water loss

27
Q

estivation

A

Some animals in arid regions enter estivation
avoid effects of drought through a period of dormancy (physiological inactivity)
Spadefoot toads in the desert
southwest

28
Q

If two environments differ in water or salt concentrations,

Substances will tend to move
osmosis

A

Substances will tend to move down their concentration gradients.

Diffusion
Osmosis:
Diffusion of Water through a semipermeable membrane.

29
Q

Isosmotic

A

Body fluids and external fluid are at the same concentration.

30
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

Body fluids are at a higher H20 (lower salt) concentration than the external environment.

31
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

Body fluids are at a lower H20 (higher salt) concentration than the external environment.

32
Q

Marine Invertebrates

A

Isomotic organisms

33
Q

Sharks, skates, rays

A

Hyperosmotic to seawater.

34
Q

Marine bony fish

A

Strongly hypoosmotic

35
Q

Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates

A

Hyperosmotic organisms

and lose salt

36
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperature.

37
Q

Homeotherms

A

maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

38
Q

Ectotherms

A

Rely mainly on external energy sources.

39
Q

Endotherms

A

Rely heavily on metabolic energy.

40
Q

Ectothermy

A 
Reliance on external sources to maintain body temperature
Used to:
Elevate Body Temperature
Solar Radiation
Conduction of heat from warm surface
Reduce body temperature
Reducing rate of Temperature Increase
Shade
Conduction of heat to cooler substance
41
Q

Endothermy

A

Use of elevated metabolism in response to body cooling to maintain body temperature
Usually for homeothermy
Cooling
Shivering
Heating
Increased activity
Also reduction in body temperature in stress periods

42
Q

homeothermy

A

Homeothermy
Maintenance of a constant body temperature
Usually warmer than Environment
“Warm-Blooded”

43
Q

Poikilothermy

A

Poikilothermy
Failure to regulate body temperature
Conformance to environmental Temperature
“Cold-Blooded”

44
Q

Advantages of Homeothermy

A

Constant rate of chemical processes
Processes optimized
Can live in wider Range of environments

45
Q

Disadvantages of Homeothermy

Poikilothermy more

A

Requires Energy to maintain Homeostasis

Poikilothermy can give better survival during stress periods – Flexibility

46
Q

Regulatory

A

Short-term Response
Changes in Physiological rates and Behavior
Utilize Existing Adaptations & Morphology

47
Q

Acclimation

A

Longer-term physiological or morphological
Reversible
-seasonal changes

48
Q

Developmental

A

Response to Slow Changes
Lead to Genetic or Morphological Changes
Not Reversible

49
Q

HS = Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr - He

A 
HS = Total heat stored in an organism
Hm = Gained via metabolism
Hcd = Gained / lost via conduction
Hcv = Gained / lost via convection
Hr = Gained / lost via electromag. radiation
He = Lost via evaporation
50
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

resting metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate of an organism that is resting quietly and in postabsorptive state.
Similar to Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
Minimal metabolic rate

51
Q

Thermal neutral zone

A

Range of environmental temperatures over which metabolic rate of homeothermic animal does not change.-metabolic rate constant

Breadth
Indicates tolerances
Varies among endothermic species.

52
Q

Lower Critical Temperature

A

Lowest Temperature an organism is able to maintain body temperature without additional metabolism
Depends on BMR & Conductance
Temperature ↓ = Heat loss ↑
Lower Temperatures Require Additional Heat Production
Limited by ability to gather Food

53
Q

Lower Critical Environmental Temperature

A

Temperature at which metabolism can not support gathering of food and maintenance of body temperature
Must use body stores. must use fat

54
Q

Lower Critical Physiological Temperature

A

Temperature at which metabolism can no longer produce enough heat to compensate for heat loss
Survival limited by rate of heat loss & maximum metabolic rate.

55
Q

Upper Critical Temperature

A

Highest Ambient Temperature at which an organism is able to maintain body temperature without additional metabolism
Depends on BMR & Conductance
Higher temperatures require additional energy for heat dissipation
Limited by ability to dissipate heat without producing excess heat

56
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Certain extremities of animals are relatively shorter in cooler parts of a species’ range than in warmer parts.

57
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

Geographic races of a species possessing smaller body size are found in the warmer parts of the range, and races of larger body size in cooler parts.

58
Q

Gloger’s Rule

A

Dark pigments increase in races of animals living in warm and humid habitats.

59
Q

Torpor

A

Temporary condition of lowered body temperature and inactivity
Decreased Heart Rate
Decreased Metabolism
Slowed or Missing Reactions
Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor when food is scarce and night temps are extreme

60
Q

Extended Torpur

A

Hibernation - Winter

Estivation - Summer

61
Q

Surviving Extreme Temperatures

A 
Inactivity
Seek shelter during extreme periods
Utilize Microclimates
Minimize Gradients
Reduce Exposure
Huddling
Curling 
Puffing
62
Q

Energy Conservation Adaptations

A

Decreasing Gradients
Insulation – Fur, Feather, Fat
Movements
Shuttling – Alternating locations to maintain body Temperature

63
Q

Aquatic Environments

A

Mostly Ectothermic

Endothermic responses
Limited to a few Species
Countercurrent Flow

Maintains Core Temperature
Surface Considerably Cooler
Allows Rapid Adjustment to Environment
Core systems relatively constant

64
Q

almost all plants are what

A

poikilothermic ectotherms.

ecology exam 2 and 3 (10 decks)

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