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ecology exam 2 and 3 > module 5 > Flashcards

module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

1835

A

Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands and became convinced various populations evolved from ancestral form.

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2
Q

1838

A

After reading an essay by Thomas Malthus, he theorized some individuals would have a competitive advantage conferred by favorable characteristics.

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3
Q

Expression and Environment
because environmental condition show continious _____
changes in conditions can cause the _____ produced by a given ____ to ______

A
  • Environmental conditions can show continuous variation:
  • temp
  • precipitation
  • sunlight
  • predation level

Changes in conditions can cause the phenotype produced by a given genotype to vary continuously

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4
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

Ability of one genotype to give rise to different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

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5
Q

Norm of reaction
smaller norm of reaction
-larger norm of reaction

A
  • Set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions
  • leads to an increase in fitness under current environmental conditions
  • smaller norms of reaction-continuous - less affect to phenotype-lower fitness
  • larger norms of reaction-more of a slope-bigger change in phenotype-higher fitness
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6
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

phenotypic changes cannot be reversed.-adjust to the conditions of when they were born, do not adjust again later in life
Low light vs. high light conditions

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7
Q

Acclimation

A
  • -Phenotypic plasticity in response to current environmental conditions that is reversible
  • Seasonal changes in temperature tolerance in fish
  • Upper and lower limits to temperatures they can tolerate
  • Limits change as water temperature changes with the seasons
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8
Q

A species is rarely composed of a single, continuous interbreeding population

A
  • Usually a group of subpopulations
  • –Local populations of interbreeding individuals
  • –Linked by movement of individuals
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9
Q

Genetic variation can be found

A
  • within subpopulations-gene pools

- among subpopulations = genetic differentiation within that larger population

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10
Q

what is a Gene pool and what are the two ways it is measured

A

-sum of all genetic information (all alleles) across all individuals in a population
Usually measured in two ways
-allele frequency
-genotype frequency

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11
Q

Phenotypic evolution

result of changes in

A
  • Change in mean or variance of phenotype of a trait across generations
  • Result of changes in allele frequencies
  • -From differences in fitness among genotypes
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12
Q

Natural selection acts directly on

A

directly on the phenotype

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13
Q

Peter Grant and Rosemary Grant

A
  • Studied finches on the Galapagos Islands for over 20 years
  • Observed and documented a shift in physical characteristics during a period of extreme climate change
  • Variation exists in beak size in Darwin’s medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis)
  • This characteristic has high heritability
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14
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Acts to impede changes in a population by:
  • Acting against extreme phenotypes
  • Favoring average phenotypes.
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15
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • Leads to changes in phenotypes by

- Favoring an extreme phenotype over other phenotypes in the population.

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16
Q

Disruptive Selection

A
  • Creates bimodal distributions by:

- Favoring two or more extreme phenotypes over the average phenotype in a population.

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17
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle states that:

A

In a population mating at random in the absence of evolutionary forces, allele frequencies will remain constant.

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18
Q

Hardy Weinberg Conditions

A
  • Random Mating
  • No Mutations
  • Large Population Size
  • No Immigration
  • Equitable Fitness Between All Genotypes
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19
Q

Likely, at least one of these conditions will not be met and allele frequencies will change.

A

Potential for evolutionary change in natural populations is very great.

-potential for evolution is great

20
Q

Hardy-weinberg requires what in mating:

A

Equal participation in mating

Lack of consistent choice in mating-random mating

21
Q

Sexual Selection

occurs when

A

-Occurs when mates chosen non-randomly
-Certain individuals have greater chance of obtaining mate
May be based on:
-Perceived Quality
-May or may not indicate fitness
Proximity
-Inbreeding

22
Q

Assortative Mating

choose mates based on their

A

Individuals in choose mates based on their phenotype

-Reflects their genotype

23
Q

If mating is random

Chance that an individual mates with another individual is equal to

A

Chance that an individual mates with another individual is equal to the frequency of the genotype of that individual in the population

24
Q

Nonrandom mating changes genotype frequencies but

A

does not (usually) change allele frequencies

25
Q

Different types of assortative mating include:

A

Positive
-Mates are phenotypically more similar than expected by chance;
–Increases the frequency of homozygotes
Common
-In many cases is related to timing of reproduction
–Flowering time in plants
Negative
-Mates are phenotypically less similar than expected by chance
-Increases the frequency of heterozygotes

26
Q

Inbreeding
increases
can lead to

A
  • Individuals mate with other members of the population who are more closely related to them than expected by random chance
  • –Increases homozygosity at all genes
  • Can lead to inbreeding depression
  • -Offspring are more likely to be homozygous for harmful recessive alleles
  • -Can lead to reductions in fertility, vigor, fitness and even death
27
Q

Small populations have

A

genetic drift

28
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random processes (event) can change gene frequencies

29
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A
  • Reduces habitat availability & Connectedness
  • -Separates Populations
  • -Decrease Local Pop. Size -> Isolated Gene Pools
  • Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity within natural populations.
30
Q

what kind of correlation is between population size and genetic diversity

A

-Found significant positive correlation between
Population size and genetic diversity

Picea chihuahuana
Restricted to peaks of Sierra Madre Occidental in N. Mexico
Ledig et.al.
Examined populations to determine if the species has lost genetic diversity
As consequence of reduced population size.

31
Q

Immigration

  • high rates
  • low rates
A

-Most populations Open.
–Individuals move between sub-populations
–Rate of interchange important.
–High rates ->common gene pool
—Less likely to cause change
—-Sub-pop Gene Pools Similar
Low rates ->genetic divergence
Immigrants likely to enter with different allelic frequencies
Leads to Evolution

32
Q 
Natural Selection
Differential Survival & Reproduction
some individuals produce\_\_\_\_\_
due to \_\_\_\_
offspring \_\_\_\_ to reproduce

natural selection can:
____
conserve what

A

Some individuals produce more offspring
Due to Phenotypic Characteristics & Environment
Offspring live to reproduce

Natural selection can:
Disfavor, favor
Conserve the genetic make-up of a population.

33
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Violations Lead to Evolutionary Change

A 
-Mechanisms of Evolution
If H-W Violated :
No Mutations ->  Mutation
No Immigration -> Gene Flow
Large Population Size -> Genetic Drift
Random Mating -> Sexual Selection
Equitable Fitness-> Natural Selection
34
Q

Natural selection
-changes what frerquencies
can result in ____ to environment
depends on ____ of trait

A
  • Changes genotypic and phenotypic frequencies in populations
  • Can result in adaptation to the environment.
  • Depends on heritability of trait.
35
Q

h2 = VG / VP

A

VG : Genetic variance
VP: Phenotypic variance
h2=natural selection

36
Q

Variation in Plant Populations
distinctive ____
genetically distinct ____

A
  • Many plant species differ dramatically in form along a Cline
  • –From one elevation to another.

Clausen et.al. found evidence of adaptation by ecotypes to local environmental conditions in Potentilla glandulosa.

  • –Distinctive ecotypes.
  • —-Genetically distinct geographic varieties
37
Q

In general, genetic variation is lower in:

A

Isolated island populations
Smaller island populations

Genetic Drift & Bottlenecks Greater

38
Q

Reduced genetic variation indicates a ______ potential to evolve

A

Reduced genetic variation indicates a lower potential for a population to evolve.

39
Q

Environments are dynamic
Natural selection favors different phenotypes under
the fitness of a particular phenotype varies depending on the

A
  • Natural selection favors different phenotypes under different environmental conditions
  • –the fitness of a particular phenotype varies depending on the environment
  • Fitness limitations of a phenotype under different environmental conditions are the result of trade-offs imposed by constraints
40
Q

Morphology and diet

A

represent a trade-off that constrains the evolution of adaptations

41
Q

Finches provide examples of evolution occurring at three levels of organization

A

within a population
among subpopulations within a species
among species

42
Q

adaptive radiation

A

-multiple species within a single lineage that exploit different features of the environment

43
Q

Darwins theory of natural selection

A
  1. organisms begat like organisms
  2. chance variation between individuals -some are heritable
  3. more offspring are produced each generation than can survive
  4. some individuals because of physical or behavioral traits, have a higher chance o surviving than others in the same popoulation- traits more favorable than others
44
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Any kind of change in heritable traits within a population across generations.

45
Q

Development of Theory of Natural Selection (Darwin & Malthus) -

A

Darwin’s theory of natural selection stretches Malthus’s principle beyond the boundaries of the human population and political economy. Darwinian theory of natural selection made the connection between organisms and their environments stronger than they had ever

46
Q

Mendelian genetics

A 
Augustinian Monk
Studied garden pea (Pisum sativum).
Discovered characteristics pass from parent to offspring in form of discrete packets called genes.
Exist in alternate forms - alleles.
Some prevent expression of others.

ecology exam 2 and 3 (10 decks)

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