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AHA Quiz 2 > Module 7 - Respiratory Assessment > Flashcards

Module 7 - Respiratory Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the lungs?

A

Exchange of gases and maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the secondary function of the lungs?

A

pH balance - acid base balance

  • O2 inhalation
  • CO2 expiration
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3
Q

Anatomy of Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Nose
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Epiglottis
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4
Q

Anatomy of Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Accessory muscles
  • Bronchi/Bronchioles (Spongy material)
  • Alveolar ducts/Alveoli (Air sacs filled with hemoglobin in the bronchioles)
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5
Q

Components of the Thoracic cage

A
  • Thoracic cage
  • Ribs (12 pairs)
  • Vertebrae (12 pairs)
  • Diaphragm - Muscular septum that separates the thoracic cavity to the abdomen
  • Costochondral Junction - the points where the ribs join their cartilages - NOT palpable
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6
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Suprasternal notch

A

U shaped depression above the sternum in between the clavicles

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7
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Sternum

A

“breastbone” which has 3 parts: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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8
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Sternal Angle

A

“Angle of Louis” is the articulation of the manubrium (Sternum) it is a useful place to start to count the ribs

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9
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Costal Angle

A

Right and left costal margins form an angle where they meet at the xiphoidal process

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10
Q

Posterior Thoracic Landmark - Vertebra Prominens

A

Start at base of the neck - Spinal columns C7 and lower one at T1

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11
Q

Posterior Thoracic Landmark - Scalpula

A

Symmetrically in hemithorax, lower tip is usually at the level of the seventh or eighth rib

  • “Shoulder Blade”
  • Joining force between clavicle and humerus
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12
Q

Anatomy of Lung Lobes

A
  • Not symmetrical
  • Anterior contains primary upper and middle lobes
  • Posterior lobes contains lower lobes
  • Right lung is shorter due to liver
  • Left lung is narrow due to heart
  • Left lung has two lobes (no middle lobe)
  • Separated by fissures that run obliquely through the chest
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13
Q

Health History - Respiratory Questions

A
  • Cough
  • Sputum
  • Description of Cough
  • SOB
  • Chest Pain
  • History of Infections
  • Smoking
  • Environmental
  • Self care practices - Doctors appointments, Immunizations
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14
Q

Subjective Data - Cough questions

A
  • Do you have a cough?
  • When did it start?
  • How long? How often?
  • Description of cough
  • Sputum - Colour, Amount
  • Treatments?
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15
Q

Subjective Data - SOB questions

A
  • Severity
  • Factors
  • When does it occur?
  • Allergies
  • Sounds
  • Treatments?
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16
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Barrel Chest

A
  • Can associate with normal aging
  • Can associate with COPD (emphysema) and asthma
  • Chest appears to be partially inflated
  • Broad chest
  • Ribs are horizontal instead of downward
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17
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Pectus Excavatum

A
  • Sunken sternum
  • Depression at 2nd intercostal space
  • Can notice more on inspiration
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18
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Pectus Carinatum

A
  • Forward perfusion of the sternum

- Ribs slope on either side

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19
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Scoliosis

A
  • Lateral S shape curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine
  • Unequal shoulder/scapular heights
  • Occurs during the growth spurt before puberty
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20
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Kyphosis

A
  • “Humpback” common in aging
  • Curvature of thoracic spine
  • Significant back pain
  • Limited mobility
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21
Q

Respiration Patterns - Tachypnea

A

Increased breathing rate - more than 24/min

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22
Q

Respiration Patterns- Hyperventilation

A
  • Increase in rate and depth
  • Can occur in extreme fear/anxiety situations
  • Can occur during to Diabetic Ketoacidosis
23
Q

Respiration Patterns- Bradypnea

A
  • Slow breathing

- Decreased rate of 10/min

24
Q

Respiration Patterns- Cheyne-Stokes Repirations

A
  • Increased rate and depth for 30-45 seconds with a period of apnea for 20 seconds
  • Common in heart failure, meningitis, drug overdose
25
Q

Respiration Patterns- Apnea

A
  • Cessation of breathing

- No movement of the muscles

26
Q

Respiration Patterns- Atlectasis

A

Collapse or closure of the lung/partial lung

27
Q

Respiration Patterns- Cyanosis

A

Blueish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes caused by low oxygen levels in the blood or circulation issues

28
Q

Respiration Patterns- Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

29
Q

Respiration Patterns- Hypercapnia

A

Too much CO2 in the lungs and elevated levels in the blood

30
Q

Respiration Patterns- Hypoventilation

A

Slow rate and depth - inadequate to perform gas exchange

31
Q

Respiration Patterns- Hypoxemia

A

Low level of O2 in the blood - arterial blood

32
Q

Respiration Patterns- Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen levels in tissues

33
Q

Respiration Patterns- Orthopnea

A

Shortness of breath when lying flat

34
Q

Respiration Patterns- Biot’s Respiration

A

Irregular pattern

Occurs in heart trauma, heat stroke

35
Q

Respiration Patterns- Chronic Obstructive Breathing

A

Normal inhalation and prolonged expiration - Wheezing sound - COPD patients

36
Q

Tactile Fremitus

A

Palpable vibrations felt at posterior/anterior chest wall

  • Client’s say “99”
  • Sound generation from larynx is transmitted through bronchi and lungs to chest wall
37
Q

Increased tactile fremitus

A
  • Increased density
  • Better for conducting vibrations
  • Can occur with pneumonia patients
38
Q

Decreased tactile fremitus

A
  • Obstruction of vibrations

- Occurs in patients with emphysema, obstruction of bronchi, pleural effusion

39
Q

Rhonchal Fremitus

A

Vibration felt when inhaled air passes through thick secretions in larger bronchi

40
Q

Pleural Friction Fremitus

A
  • Inflammation of parietal and visceral pleura

- Decreased in lubricating fluid

41
Q

What are the 3 locations of the normal breathing sounds?

A
  • Bronchial
  • Bronchovesicular
  • Vesicular
42
Q

Bronchial sounds

A
  • Pitch = high
  • Amplitude = low
  • Harsh, hollow, tubular
  • Trachea and larynx
43
Q

Bronchovesicular sounds

A
  • Pitch = moderate
  • Amplitude = moderate
  • Mixed sound
  • Bronchi
44
Q

Vesicular sounds

A
  • Pitch= low
  • Amplitude = soft
  • Rustling sound
  • Lungs
45
Q

Abnormal Sounds - Crackles

A
  • High pitched crackles
  • Popping sounds during inspiration
  • Asthma patients, bronchitis and pneumonia
46
Q

Abnormal Sounds - Crackles Coarse

A
  • Loud low pitched

- Pulmonary edema, pneumonia

47
Q

Abnormal Sounds - Atelectatic Crackles

A
  • Fine crackles - does not last long

- Occurs in older adults/bedridden patients

48
Q

Abnormal Sounds - Pleural friction rub

A
  • Superficial sound
  • Coarse and low pitched
  • Inflammation
  • Rubbing together
  • Painful
49
Q

Continuous Sounds - Wheezing (high)

A
  • High pitched
  • Compressed air
  • Asthma, chronic emphysema
50
Q

Continuous Sounds - Wheezing (low)

A
  • Moaning sounds
  • Prominent during expiration
  • Obstruction of airway
51
Q

Continuous Sounds - Stridor

A
  • High pitched
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Foreign body
  • Life threatening
52
Q

What are the 3 main accessory muscles?

A

Diaphragm, External inter-coastal and Scalene muscles

53
Q

What are the normal range of findings for the Thorax/Lungs?

A
  • Shape and Configuration
  • Position
  • Symmetrical Chest Expansion
  • Tactile fremitus
  • Normal breath sounds over lung fields

AHA Quiz 2 (4 decks)

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