Module 7: Motor Control of Human Movement Flashcards
What are the structures of the CNS?
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
What is the main function of the cerebral cortex?
main center of control for voluntary movement
What are the fucntions of the primary motor cortex?
receives info from motor areas, direct pathway to spinal cord
- controls voluntary moevement on the contralateral side
What is the functions of the supplemenatry and premotor areas?
responsible for planning of movements
What is the functions of the associative areas in the cerebral cortex?
area of integration of somatosensory and visual info
- transition from perception to action
List nuclei in the basal ganglia?
putamen, caudate, glubus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
What is the overall goal of the basal ganglia>
provides constant feedback to motor cortex to control movement
- responsibel for initiation and regulation of movement via thalamus
- direct pathway: movement allowed
Indirect pathway: no movement
What is the function of the cerebellum in movement?
responsible for the contorl of coordinated and fast movements
- maintains balance
- compares inputs and corrects movement plan
What is the function of the brainstem>
vital functions
- gross general movements
Describe the control processes for voluntary control?
- cortical association areas -> supplemental and premotor area -> motor commands
- cortical association areas -> supplemental and premotor area -> primary motor cortex -> motor commands
Primary visual cortex and primary somatosensory cortex give info to the cortical association areas
Describe the step by step process of information transmission in a nerve to the motor unit?
Stimulus applied - triggers an influx of Na+ into the cell (increases the membrane potential) - depolarization of the membrane - K+ channels open so it can flow back into the cell to return to resting membrane potential - at the end of the nerve the AP causes the release of Ca2+ - Ca2+ causes vesicles to move to the membrane and exocytose the NT into the synapse
What is the difference between a muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs?
Muscle spindle: detect rate and change in the length of a muscle
GTOs: detect rate and change in tension of tendons
What are central pattern generators and what is there role?
Cluster of neurons in SC - generate rhythmical pattern of stepping
- control gait
What are the types of movement?
Reflex: automatic
Learned: skilled, takes time to develop
What are the stages in the closed loop theory of motor learning?
1: stimulus identification (ID based on sight, smell, previous experience)
2: response selection (based on previous experience)
3: Response programming - execution of the task (use feedback to alter the motor response)
4: Feedforward - memory is used to inform future tasks
Describe the basis of the dynamic systems theory of motor learning?
Optimal pattern of movement that leads to the best outcome with the lowest energy cost
What are the limitations of motor control theories?
Capacity: amount of info that can be processed at one time
Speed: how fast the info can be processed
Distortion: info can be lost of altered
What are the 3 keys to a skill?
Accuracy: precise movement for the outcome
Consistency: same movement
Efficiency: minimal effort required
What are some of the important keys in learning a new task?
maturation phase: periods of stability and instability
Perception-cognition: sensory input is important for feedback of movement
Memory: practice is turned into a skill
What are the different types of memory involved in motor learning?
Working memory: short term, based on phonological, visual and executive events
Non-declarative memory: long term memory, has impacts on procedural memory (related to doing a task) and emotional responses (PTSD)
Declarative memory: long term memory, semantic (retain and recall facts), episodic (recall of specific events)
Describe the events that take place at the NMJ?
AP reaches NMJ, Ach is released into synapse and binds to receptors on muscle, AP goes through muscle to SR, Ca2+ released from SR and binds to troponin to allow myosin head to bind to actin and shorten the sarcolemma
