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MICROLEC > Module 7 - Microbial Growth Control > Flashcards

Module 7 - Microbial Growth Control Flashcards

1
Q

Biocide

A

all antimicrobial agents that can be used to control microbes

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2
Q
  • unable to produce offspring

- process by which all living cells, spores, and acellular entities are destroyed or removed

A

sterilization

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3
Q

killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease.

A

disinfection

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4
Q

are agents, usually chemical, used to carry out disinfection and normally used only on inanimate objects

A

disinfectant

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5
Q

the microbial population is reduced to levels that are considered safe by public health standards.

A

sanitization

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6
Q

it is the prevention of infection or sepsis.

A

antisepsis

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7
Q

are chemical agents applied to tissue to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting pathogen growth

A

antiseptics

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8
Q

kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms within host tissue

A

chemotheraphy

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9
Q

a suffix that means kills or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

A

-cide

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10
Q

a suffix that means do not kill but prevent growth

A

-static

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11
Q

A microbial cell is often defined as dead if __________that would normally support its growth.

A

if it does not grow when inoculated into culture medium

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12
Q

types of mechanical agents

A

depth filters and membrane filters for air and liquids

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13
Q

consist of fibrous or granular materials

A

depth filters

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14
Q

porous membranes, a little over 0.1 mm thick, made of cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride, or other synthetic material

A

membrane filters

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15
Q

two common examples of air filters

A

n95 mask and HEPA filters

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16
Q

masks exclude 95% of particles that are larger than 0.3 μm

A

n95 mask

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17
Q

(a type of depth filter made from fiberglass) remove 99.97% of particles 0.3 μm or larger by both physical retention and electrostatic interactions.

A

HEPA

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18
Q

two types of physical control method

A

heat and radiation

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19
Q

must be carried out at temperatures above 100°C, and this requires the use of saturated steam under pressure

A

moist heat

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20
Q

does not sterilize, but it does kill pathogens and drastically slows spoilage by reducing the level of nonpathogenic spoilage microorganisms.

A

pasteurization

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21
Q
  • Intermittent sterilization

- uses steam (30–60 minutes) to destroy vegetative bacteria

A

tyndallization

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22
Q
  • Less effective than moist heat

- slow and not suitable for heat-sensitive materials such as plastic and rubber items.

A

dry heat

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23
Q

required temperature for moist heat

A

121 degrees in celsius

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24
Q

required temperature for dry heat

A

160 degrees in celsius

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25
Q

-thymine dimerization of DNA, preventing replication and transcription

A

UV radiation

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26
Q

excellent sterilizing agent that penetrates deep into objects.

A

ionizing radiation

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27
Q

Chemicals can be employed for ________

A

sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis

28
Q
  • first widely used antiseptic and disinfectant
  • denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
  • tuberculocidal, effective in the presence of organic material, and remain active on surfaces long after application.
A

phenolics

29
Q
  • most widely used disinfectants, antiseptics, and sanitizers
  • e bactericidal and fungicidal but not sporicidal
A

alcohols

30
Q

The two most popular alcohol germicides

A

ethanol and isopropanol

31
Q
  • used as a skin antiseptic
  • They are used in hospitals for cleansing preoperative skin and in hospitals and laboratories for disinfecting. Some popular brands are Wescodyne for skin and laboratory disinfection, and Betadine for wounds.
A

iodine

32
Q

usual disinfectant for municipal water supplies and swimming pools

A

chlorine

33
Q

Two important eukaryotic pathogens are not killed by chlorine

A

Cryptosporidium and Giardia (both are microbes of diarrhea)

34
Q
  • are organic cleansing agents that are amphipathic, having both polar hydrophilic and nonpolar hydrophobic components.
  • Their antimicrobial activity is the result of their ability to disrupt microbial membranes; they may also denature proteins.
A

detergents

35
Q

highly reactive molecules that inactivate nucleic acids and proteins

A

aldehydes

36
Q

Ethylene oxide is both____

A

microbicidal and sporicidal

37
Q

Potency of a disinfectant is compared to that of phenol

Useful for screening but may be misleading

A

phenol coefficiency test

38
Q

Developed concept of selective toxicity

Identified dyes that effectively treated African sleeping sickness

A

Paul Ehrlich

39
Q

identified arsenic compounds that effectively treated syphilis

A

Sahachiro Hato

40
Q

Discovered sulfonamines and sulfa drugs

A

Gerhard Domagk, and Jacques and Therese Trefouel

41
Q

First discovered by Ernest Duchesne (1896), but discovery lost
Accidentally discovered by Alexander Fleming (1928)
• observed penicillin activity on contaminated plate
• did not think could be developed further
Effectiveness demonstrated by Florey, Chain, and Heatley (1939)

A

penicillin

42
Q

an antibiotic active against tuberculosis,

A

streptomycin

43
Q

ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

A

selective toxicity

44
Q

drug level required for clinical treatment

A

therapeutic dose

45
Q

drug level at which drug becomes too toxic

A

toxic dose

46
Q

ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

A

therapeutic index

47
Q

Undesirable effects of drugs on host cells

A

side effects

48
Q

Attack only a few different pathogen

A

narrow-spectrum drugs

49
Q

Attack many different pathogens

A

broad spectrum drugs

50
Q

Lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogens

A

minimal inhibitory concentration

51
Q

Lowest concentration of drug that kills pathogen

A

minimal lethal concentration

52
Q

Determining the level of Antimicrobial Activity

A
  1. Dilution susceptibility tests for MIC
  2. Disk diffusion tests – Kirby Bauer
  3. The E-test MIC and diffusion
53
Q

Antibacterial Drugs

works as:

A
  1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
  2. Protein synthesis inhibitors
  3. Metabolic antagonists
  4. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
54
Q

topical and oral
disrupt membrane permeability and inhibit sterol synthesis
disrupts mitotic spindle; may inhibit protein and DNA synthesis

A

superficial mycoses (fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nail)

55
Q 
Difficult to control and can be fatal: 
Three (3) common drugs 
• Amphotericin B
 - binds sterols in membranes
• 5-flucytosine
 – disrupts RNA function
• Fluconazole
- low side effects, used prophylactically
A

systemic mycoses (fungal infections affecting internal organs

56
Q

Amantidine

A

Used to prevent influenza infections

Blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza virus

57
Q

Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine)

A

Inhibits herpes virus enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function

58
Q

Tamiflu

A

Anti-influenza agent
A neuraminidase inhibitor
Not a cure for influenza, but has been shown to shorten course of illness

59
Q

Acyclovir

A

Inhibits herpes virus DNA polymerase

60
Q

Valacyclovir

A

Prodrug form of acyclovir

61
Q

Ganciclovir

A

Anti-herpesvirus drugs

62
Q

foscarnet

A

Inhibits herpes virus DNA polymerase

63
Q

Anti-HIV drugs work as:

A

Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Fusion inhibitors

64
Q

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness

A
  1. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
  2. Food and Drug Administration
  3. Department of Agriculture
  4. Department of Health
65
Q

Overcoming Drug Resistance

A
  1. Give drug in appropriate concentrations to destroy susceptible
  2. Give two or more drugs at same time
  3. Use drugs only when necessary
  4. Possible future solutions
    • continued development of new drugs
    • use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial disease

MICROLEC (5 decks)

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