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Anatomy Test #3 > Module 7: LE #1 - Hip/Thigh/Knee > Flashcards

Module 7: LE #1 - Hip/Thigh/Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the lower extremity?

A

Pelvia

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Foot

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2
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the femur?

A

Head

Neck

Greater Trochanter

Lesser Trochanter

Adductor tubercle

Medial/Lateral Condyles

Medial/Lateral Epicondyles

Patellar Surface

Intercondylar Fossa

Poplitical Fossa

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3
Q

What is clinically important about the neck of the femur?

A

Site for fracture (either traumatic/pathological)

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4
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the tibia?

A

Medial/Lateral Condyles

Tibial Tuberosity

Medial/Lateral Plateaus

Medial Malleolus

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5
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the fibula?

A

Head of the fibula

Lateral malleolus

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6
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the foot?

A

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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7
Q

What are the names of the tarsal bones?

A

Calcaneous

Talus

Cuboid

3 Cuneiforms

Navicular

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8
Q

How many phalanges make up the individual toes?

A

Great toe = 2

Other 4 toes = 3

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9
Q

What comprises the hip joint?

A

Femoral head articulating w/ the acetabulum of the pelvis

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10
Q

What are the 4 parts of the acetabulum?

A

Margin

Lunate

Acetabular notch

Acetabular labrum

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11
Q

What is the important part of the head of the femur in the hip joint?

A

Fovea capitis

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12
Q

What are the 3 childhood conditions that affect the hip joint?

A

Legg Calve Perthes

Transient Synovitis

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of hip dislocation?

A

Trauma

Usually from motor vehicle accident

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14
Q

How is the hip usually dislocated when caused by trauma?

A

Posterior Dislocation

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15
Q

In kids, when would you see a hip dislocation?

A

In newborns –> congenital hip dislocation

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16
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral Ligament = Y ligament

Pubofemoral Ligament

Ischiofemoral Ligament

Ligamentum Teres = round ligament of the head of the femur

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17
Q

What is the largest ligament of the hip?

A

Iliofemoral Ligament

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18
Q

Where is the iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament) located in the hip joint, and what does it do?

A

Anterior

Resists Extension (especially while standing)

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19
Q

Where is the pubofemoral ligament located in the hip joint, and what does it do?

A

Anterior and Inferior

Resists Abduction

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20
Q

Where is the ischiofemoral ligament located in the hip joint, and what does it do?

A

Posterior

Resists Extension/Medial Rotation

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21
Q

Where does the ligamentum teres attach in the hip joint?

A

Fovea Capitis of Femur Head

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22
Q

What does the ligamentum teres do?

A

Provides pathway for ace tabular branch of obturator artery

**critical pathway for blood supply to femoral head during growth

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23
Q

What supplies blood to the hip?

A

Medial/lateral circumflex arteries

Acetabular branch of obturator artery

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24
Q

What is a clinical concern about the blood supply of the hip?

A

Avascular necrosis (AVN)

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25
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip flexion?

A

Iliopsoas

Rectus Femoris

Sartorius

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26
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip adduction?

A

Pectineus

Adductor Longus

Adductor Brevis

Adductor Magnus

Gracilis

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27
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip abduction?

A

Gluteus Minimus

Gluteus Medius

TFL (Tensor Fascia Lata)

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28
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip extension?

A

Gleutus Maximus

Biceps Femoris (long head)

Medial Hamstrings:
Semimembranosus

      Semitendinosus
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29
Q

What are the muscles involved in external rotation of the hip?

A

Piriformis

Superior Gemellus

Obturator Internus

Inferior Gemellus

Quadratus Femoris

Obturator Externus

Gluteus Maximus

Biceps Femoris

Sartorius

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30
Q

What muscles make up the “6 lateral rotators” aka the short external rotators

A

Piriformis

Superior Gemellus

Obturator Internus

Inferior Gemellus

Quadratus Femoris

Obturator Externus

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31
Q

What are the muscles involved in internal rotation of the hip?

A

Gluteus Minimus

Gluteus Medius

TFL

Medial Hamstrings:
Semimembranosus

    Semitendinosus
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32
Q

What is the fascia of the thigh?

A

Deep = Fascia Lata

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33
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

Dense layer of connective tissue between subcutaneous tissue and muscles

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34
Q

What does the fascia lata form?

A

Septa that separate muscles (also surrounds them)

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35
Q

What does the fascia lata do?

A

Works w/ contracting muscles to move blood and lymph towards thorax

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36
Q

What is the illiotibial tract?

A

Conjoint aponeurosis of tensor of fascia lata and gluteus maximus

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37
Q

Where does the illiotibial tract extend?

A

Iliac tubercle –> tubercle on lateral condyle of tibia (aka Gerdy’s tubercle)

** I.T. band

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38
Q

Besides the fascia lata and illiotibial tract what are the other septum’s of the thigh?

A

Medial Intermuscular Septum

Lateral Intermuscular Septum

Posterior Intermuscular Septum

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39
Q

What are the muscles that make up the iliopsoas?

A

Psoas Major

Psoas Minor

Illiacus

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40
Q

Describe the Psoas Major (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = T12-L5 vertebrae and discs; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae

D = Lesser Trochanter

N = Ventral Rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2, L3)

A = Flex thigh @ hip; also influence posture of pelvis in weight bearing)

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41
Q

Describe the Psoas Minor (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = T12 - L5 vertebrae and discs

D = Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch

N = Ventral rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2)

A = No direct influence on hip motion, suggested to provide stability in pelvis

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42
Q

Describe the Iliacus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Iliac Crest, Iliac Fossa, Ala of Sacrum, Anterior SI ligaments

D = Tendon of Psoas Major, Lesser Trochanter and Femur Distal to it

N = Femoral Nerve (L2, L3)

A = Flex thigh @ hip; influence posture of pelvis in weight bearing

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43
Q

Describe the Tensor of Fasciae Latae (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and Anterior part of iliac crest

D = Iliotibial Tract that attaches to lateral tibial condyle

N = Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4 and L5)

A = Abducts, Medially (Internally) Rotates and Flexes Thigh; Helps keep knee extended; Steadies trunk on thigh

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44
Q

Describe the Sartorius (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and Superior part of notch inferior to it

D = Superior part of medial surface of tibia

N = Femoral Nerve (L2 and L3)

A = Flexes, abducts, and laterally (externally) rotates thigh @ hip; flexes leg @ knee joint

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45
Q

What are the muscles that make up the Quadriceps Femoris?

A

Rectus Femoris

Vastus Lateralis

Vastus Medialis

Vastus Intermedius

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46
Q

Describe the Rectus Femoris (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Anterior Inferior Illiac Spine to Acetabulum

D = Base of Patella and by Ligament to Tibial Tuberosity

N = Femoral Nerve (L2, L3, L4)

A = Extends Knee Joint; slightly flexes the hip

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47
Q

Describe the Vastus Lateralis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Greater Trochanter and Lateral Lip of Linea Aspera of Femur

D = Base of Patella; by ligament to Tibial Tuberosity

N = Femoral Nerve (L2, L3, L4)

A = Extends Knee Joint

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48
Q

Describe the Vastus Medialis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of line aspera of femur

D = Base of patella; by ligament to tibial tuberosity

N = Femoral Nerve (L2, L3, L4)

A = Extends Knee Joint

** Obliquus (VMO) distal fibers primarily help to prevent patella to track laterally

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49
Q

Describe the Vastus Intermedius (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Anterior and Lateral surfaces of body of femur

D = Base of patella; by ligament to tibial tuberosity

N = Femoral Nerve (L2, L3, L4)

A = Extends Knee Joint

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50
Q

What is the Articularis Genu?

A

Small muscle in distal femur

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51
Q

Where does the articularis genu attach?

A

Proximal end of synovial membrane of the knee joint –> distal femur

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52
Q

What does the articularis genu do?

A

Appears to pull on synovial capsule to prevent pinching of synovium

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53
Q

Name the nerves of the anterior thigh

A

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Femoral Nerve

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54
Q

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve do and supply?

A

Sensory Function

Supplies Lateral Thigh

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55
Q

Where does the femoral nerve enter the thigh?

A

Deep to the inguinal ligament in the femoral triangle

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56
Q

What are the motor functions of the femoral nerve?

A

Supplies muscles of quadriceps (rectus femurs, vast us lateralis, medialis, intermedius) and sartorius

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57
Q

What are the sensory functions of the femoral nerve?

A

Supplies sensation along anterior thigh

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58
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior/base = Inguinal Ligament

Medially = Adductor Longus

Laterally = Sartorius

Floor = Adductor Longus/Pectineus/Iliopsoas

Roof = Fascia Lata/Cribiform Fascia

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59
Q

What is the apex of the femoral triangle?

A

Where Sartorius/Adductor Longus meet

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60
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Vein

Femoral Artery

Femoral Nerve

Profunda Femoris Artery

Profunda Femoris Vein

Inguinal Lymph Nodes

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61
Q

What is the function of the saphenous opening?

A

Allows superficial great saphenous vein to connect to femoral vein

Allows superficial lymph vessels to connect to deep inguinal lymph nodes

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62
Q

What does the femoral sheath, ring and canal do?

A

Provides pathway for femoral artery/vein/lymph nodes to pass under inguinal ligament

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63
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

Funnel-shaped fascia

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64
Q

How is the femoral sheath divided?

A

3 Compartments:

Lateral Compartment

Intermediate Compartment

Medial Compartment

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65
Q

What is in the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral Artery

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66
Q

What is in the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral Vein

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67
Q

What is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral Canal

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68
Q

What is the femoral ring?

A

Oval shaped opening to the femoral canal

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69
Q

What is clinically important about the medial compartment/femoral ring?

A

Site of femoral hernia

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70
Q

What is another name for the adductor canal?

A

Subsartorial Canal

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71
Q

Where does the adductor canal run?

A

From apex of femoral triangle –> adductor hiatus

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72
Q

What are the boundaries of the adductor (subsartorial) canal?

A

Anterior/lateral = Vastus Medialis

Posterior = Adductor Longus/Adductor Magnus

Medial = Sartorius (acts as roof)

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73
Q

What are the contents of the adductor (subsartorial) canal?

A

Femoral Artery (supplies leg/foot)

Femoral Vein (drains leg/foot)

Saphenous Nerve

Nerve to Vastus Medialis

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74
Q

What are the arteries that supply the thigh?

A

Femoral Artery

Deep Femoral Artery

Lateral Femoral Artery Artery

Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery

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75
Q

Describe how the femoral artery descends down the thigh

A

Descends in adductor canal

Passes through adductor hiatus

Enters posterior knee (popliteal fossa)

76
Q

Where does the femoral artery supply?

A

Leg

Foot

77
Q

What is the major artery to supply the thigh?

A

Deep Femoral Artery

78
Q

What do the branches of the deep femoral artery supply?

A

Adductor Magnus

Hamstrings

79
Q

What does the lateral femoral circumflex artery supply?

A

Hip

80
Q

What does the medial femoral circumflex artery supply?

A

Hip

81
Q

How is the blood of the lower extremity drained?

A

Via superficial/deep venous pathways that are connected via communicated venous system

82
Q

What are the superficial veins that drain the lower extremity?

A

Great Saphenous Vein

Small (lesser) Saphenous Vein

83
Q

Describe how the great saphenous vein travels up the leg and where it drains

A

Ascends along medial leg

Drains into femoral vein @ saphenous opening (just inferior to inguinal ligament)

84
Q

How does the small (lesser) saphenous vein travel up the lev and where does it drain?

A

Ascneds along posterior leg

Drains into politeal vein in popliteal fossa

85
Q

How do the deep veins ascend up the leg and what do they drain/merge into?

A

Ascend w/ arteries of the leg

Drain/Merge into femoral vein

86
Q

Clinically what could happen in the deep veins of the leg?

A

DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) formation

**Caused by immobilization/CHF/Obesity

87
Q

What is the communicating venous system?

A

Veins that connect the superficial to deep veins

88
Q

What is in the communicating veins?

A

Valves (force 1 way drainage from superficial –> deep veins)

89
Q

What do the valves in the veins act like?

A

Muscular pump (push blood through system and up to the heart)

90
Q

What happens if the valves in the veins of the legs fail?

A

Varicose Veins

**Blood flows from deep –> superficial and pool

91
Q

What are the muscles of the medial thigh?

A

Pectineus

Adductor Longus

Adductor Brevis

Adductor Magnus

Gracilis

Obturator Externus

92
Q

Describe the Pectineus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Superior Ramus of Pubis

D = Pectineal Line of Femur (just inferior to lesser trochanter)

N = Femoral Nerve (L2 and L3; maybe branch from obtrurator nerve)

A = Adducts/Flexes Thigh; Assists w/ Medial Rotation

93
Q

Describe the Adductor Longus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Body of Pubis (inferior to pubic crest)

D = Middle 1/3 of Linear Aspera of Femur

N = Obturator Nerve; Branches of Anterior Division (L2, L3, L4)

A = Adducts Thigh

94
Q

Describe the Adductor Brevis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Body and Inferior Ramus of Pubis

D = Pectineal Line and Proximal Part of Linea Aspera of Femur

N = Obturator Nerve; Branches of Anterior Division (L2, L3, L4)

A = Adducts Thigh; Some Flexion

95
Q

Describe the Adductor Magnus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Adductor Part: Inferior Ramus of Pubis, Ramus of Ischium
Hamstring Part: Ischial Tuberosity

D = Adductor Part: Gluteal Tuberosity, Linea Aspera, Medial Supracondylar Line
Hamstring Part: Adductor Tubercle of Femur

N = Adductor Part: Obturator Nerve (L2, L3 and L4) Branches of posterior division
Hamstring Part: Tibial Part of Sciatic Nerve (L4)

A = Adducts Thigh
Adductor Part: Flexes Thigh
Hamstrings Part: Extends Thigh

96
Q

What does the distal attachment of the adductor magnus form?

A

Adductor Hiatus

97
Q

Describe the Gracilis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Body of Inferior Ramus of Pubis

D = Superior Part of Medial Surface of Tibia

N = Obturator Nerve (L2 and L3)

A = Adducts Thigh, Flexes Leg, Helps to Rotate Leg Medially

98
Q

Describe the Obturator Externus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Margins of Obturator Forament and Obturator Membrane

D = Trochanteric Fossa of Femur

N = Obturator Nerve (L3 and L4)

A = Laterally Rotates Thigh; Steads Head of Femur in Acetabulum

99
Q

What is the nerve of the medial thigh?

A

Obturator Nerve

100
Q

What is the motor function of the obturator nerve?

A

Supplies Adductor Muscles (Adductor longus, brevis &magnus, gracilis)

101
Q

What is the sensory function of the obturator nerve?

A

Supplies small oval patch along medial thigh

102
Q

What are the two foramens of the posterior hip/gluteal region?

A

Greater Sciatic Foramen

Lesser Sciatic Foramen

103
Q

How is the greater sciatic foramen formed?

A

Greater Sciatic Notch

Sacrospinous Ligament

104
Q

How is the lesser sciatic foramen formed?

A

Lesser Sciatic Notch

Sacrotuberous Ligament

105
Q

What are the muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus Maximus

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

Piriformis

Obturator Internus

Superior Gemellus

Inferior Gemellus

Quadratus Femoris

Obturator Externus

106
Q

Describe the Gluteus Maximus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Ilium Posterior to Posterior Gluteal Line, Dorsal Surface of Sacrum/Coccyx, and Sacrotuberus Ligament

D = Most = Iliotibial Tract (inserts into lateral condyle of tibia); Some = Gluteal Tuberosity of Femur

N = Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A = Extends, Assists in Lateral Rotation, Steadies Thigh; Assists rising from sitting position; Stabilizes Knee

107
Q

Describe the Gluteus Medius (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = External Surface of Ilium Between Anterior/Posterior Gluteal Lines

D = Lateral Surface of Greater Trochanter of Femur

N = Superior Gluteal Nerve (L5, S1)

A = Abducts/Medially Rotates Thigh; Keeps Pelvis Level When Opposite Leg is Raised

108
Q

Describe the Gluteus Minimus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = External surface of ilium between anterior surface of

109
Q

Describe the Piriformis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Anterior Surface of Sacrum and Sacrotuberous Ligament

D = Superior Border of Greater Trochanter

N = Branches of Ventral Rami (S1, S2)

A = Laterally Rotates/Extends Thigh; Abducts Flexed Thigh; Steady Femoral Head in Acetabulum

110
Q

Describe the Obturator Internus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Pelvic Surface of Obturator Membrane/Surrounding Bones

D = Medial Surfaec of Greater Trochanter (Trochanteric Fossa of Femur)

N = Nerve to Obturator Internus (L5, S1)

A = Laterall Rotates Extended Thigh/Abducts Flexed Thigh; Steady Femoral Head in Acetabulum

111
Q

Describe the Superior Gemellus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Superior: Ischial Spine
Inferior: Ischial Tuberosity

D = Blends w/ Obturator Internus Tendon as it Attaches to Greater Trochanter of Femur

N = Nerve to Obturator Internus (L5, S1)

A = Laterally Rotates Extended Thigh/Abducts Flexed Thigh; Stead Femoral Head in Acetablum

112
Q

Describe the Inferior Gemellus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Superior: Ischial Spine
Inferior: Ischial Tuberosity

D = Blends w/ Obturator Internus Tendon as it Attaches to Greater Trochanter of the Femur

N = Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (L5, S1)

A = Laterally Rotates Extended Thigh/Abducts Flexed Thigh; Steady Femoral Head in Acetabulum

113
Q

Describe the Quadratus Femoris (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Lateral Border of Ischial Tuberosity

D = Quadrate Tubercle on Intertrochanteric Crest of Femur and Area Inferior to it

N = Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (L5, S1)

A = Laterally Rotates Extended Thigh/Abducts Flexed Thigh; Steady Femoral Head in Acetabulum

114
Q

Describe the Obturator Externus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Margins of Obturator Foramen and Obturator Membrane

D = Trochanteric Fossa of Femur

N = Obturator Nerve (L3, L4)

A = Laterally Rotates Extended Thigh/Abducts Flexed Thigh; Steadies Femoral Head in Acetabulum

115
Q

Where do the nerves from the gluteal region arise from?

A

Sacral Plexus

116
Q

Name the nerves of the gluteal region

A

Sciatic Nerve

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Nerve to Obturator Internus

117
Q

What are the components of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial

Common Fibular (perineal)

118
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis?

A

Through Greater Sciatic Forament

119
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve go after it exits the pelvis?

A

Passes by priformis (can go inferior/super or partially/wholly through priformis)

Travels down posterior thigh

120
Q

What is the motor function of the sciatic nerve?

A

Supplies Hamstrings

Supplies ALL muscles below knee

No gluteal muscle supply

121
Q

What is the sensory function of the sciatic nerve?

A

Sensation of:

Posterior Thigh

Posterior/Later/Anterior Leg

All of foot except MEDIAL foot

122
Q

Where does the superior gluteal nerve exit the pelvis?

A

Through Greater Sciatic Foramen

Passes SUPERIOR to Piriformis

123
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?

A

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimus

TFL

124
Q

Where does the inferior gluteal nerve exit the pelvis?

A

Through Greater Sciatic Foramen

Passes INFERIOR to Periformis

125
Q

What muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Gluteus Maximus

126
Q

What muscles are supplied by the nerve to quadrates femoris?

A

Quadratus Femoris

Inferior Gemellus

127
Q

Describe how the Pudendal Nerve travels

A

Pass through greater sciatic foramen (inferior to piriformis)

Passes lateral to sacrospinus ligament

Re-enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen

128
Q

What muscles are supplied by the pudendal nerve?

A

Perineal Muscles

**Supplies NO structures in gluteal region

129
Q

What is the sensory function of the pudendal nerve?

A

Sensation in perineal region

130
Q

What is another name of the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Hamstrings

131
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Biceps Femoris (Long Head)

Biceps Femoris (Short Head)

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

132
Q

Describe the Biceps Femoris (long head) (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Ischial Tuberosity

D = Lateral Side of Head of Fibula (tendon is split y fibular collateral knee ligament)

N = Tibial Division of Sciatic Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A = Flexes Leg/Rotates Leg Laterally When Knee Flexed; Extends Thigh @ Hip Joint

133
Q

Describe the Biceps Femoris (short head) (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Linear Aspera/Lateral Supracondylar Line of Femur

D = Medial Surface of Superior Part of Tibia

N = Tibial Division of Sciatic Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A = Flexes Leg/Rotates Leg Laterally

134
Q

Describe the Semitendinosus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Ischial Tuberosity

D = Medial Surface of Superior Part of Tibia

N = Tibial Division of Sciatic Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A = Extend Thigh; Flex Leg; Rotate Leg Medially w/ Knee Flexed

135
Q

Describe the Semimembranosus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)

A

P = Ischial Tuberosity

D = Posterior Part of Medial Tibial Condyle; Reflective Attachment Forms Oblique Popliteal Ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)

N = Tibial Division of Sciatic Nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A = Extend Thigh; Flex Leg; Rotate Leg Medially w/ Knee Flexed

136
Q

What is the artery of the posterior thigh?

A

Profunda Femoris Artery (deep femoral)

137
Q

What is the profunda femoris artery?

A

Largest branch of femoral artery

Chief Artery of the Thigh

138
Q

Where does the profunda femoris artery lie?

A

Deep to Femoral Artery

139
Q

What does the profunda femoris artery supply?

A

Adductor Magnus/Hamstring via perforating femoral arteries

140
Q

What are the perforating femoral arteries branches of?

A

Usually Deep Femoral Artery

Can also be direct branches of Femoral Artery

141
Q

What does the perforating femoral arteries do?

A

Encircle the Thigh

Anastomose w/ each other and other arteries to supply thigh muscles/proximal end of the femur

142
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond Shaped Depression of the Posterior Aspect of the Knee

143
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superolateral = Biceps Femoris

Superomedial = Semimembranosus/ Semitendinosus

Inferior = 2 Heads of the gastrocnemius

Roof (posteriorly) = Skin and Fascia

Floor (Anteriorly) = Popliteal surface of Femur/Oblique Popliteal Ligament/Exansion of Semimembranous Tendon/Popliteus Fascia

144
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal Artery

Popliteal Vein

Small Saphenous Vein

Tibial/Common Fibular Nerves

Popliteal Lymph Nodes

Lymphatic Vessels

145
Q

Where does the popliteal artery start and end?

A

Starts = as it exits posterior through adductor hiatus

Ends = @ Division of Anterior/Posterior Tibial Arteries

146
Q

What is the popliteal artery a continuation of?

A

Direct Continuation of Femoral Artery (after it passes through adductor hiatus)

147
Q

What does the popliteal artery divide into?

A

Anterior Tibial Artery

Posterior Tibial Artery

**divides @ inferior border of politeus

148
Q

What do the genicular branches of the popliteal artery form?

A

Genicular Anastomoses

149
Q

How many genicular branches are there?

A

5:

Superior: Medial/Lateral

Middle

Inferior: Medial/Lateral

150
Q

Where does the popliteal vein come from?

A

Posterior Tibial Vein as it enters fossa

151
Q

What does the popliteal vein become as it enters adductor hiatus?

A

Femoral vein

152
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein travel and what does it do?

A

Ascends in Posterior Leg

Drains into Popliteal Vein

153
Q

What do the tibial and common fibular nerves supply?

A

ALL muscles of the leg/foot

154
Q

What is the muscle of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteus

155
Q

Describe the popliteus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Lateral Surface of Lateral Condyle of Femur and Lateral Meniscus

D = Posterior Surface of Tibial Superior to Soleal Line

N = Tibial Nerve (L4, S1)

A = Internally Rotates Tibia on Femur; “Unlock” Knee to Allow it to Flex During Gait

156
Q

What joints make up the knee joint?

A

Tibiofemoral Joint

Patella-Femoral Joint

157
Q

What is the motion of the knee joint?

A

Flexion/Extension

Small amount of Medial/Lateral Rotation

158
Q

What are the menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage discs

159
Q

What do the menisci do?

A

Deepen Joint Surface

Reduce Shock

Provide Proprioceptive Feedback

160
Q

How are the menisci attached?

A

Unattached in interior of joint

Ends attached to intercondylar area of tibia

Exteneral Margins attach to fibrous capsule

161
Q

Describe the shape of the medial meniscus

A

Semilunar (C-shaped)

Broader Posterior than Anterior

162
Q

Where does the medial meniscus attach?

A

Strongly to deep surface of the medial tibial collateral ligament

163
Q

Describe the shape of the lateral meniscus

A

Circular

Nearly circular and smaller than medial meniscus

164
Q

How does the lateral meniscus move?

A

More freely than medial meniscus

165
Q

What are the main ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Medial Collateral Ligament = MCL

Lateral Collateral Ligament = LCL

Anterior Cruciate Ligament = ACL

Posterior Cruciate Ligament = PCL

166
Q

Where does the MCL attach?

A

Medial Epicondyle –> Medial tibia Plateau

167
Q

What does the superficial layer of the MCL look like?

A

Broad band

168
Q

What does the deep layer of the MCL do?

A

Blends into Joint Capsule

Blends into Medial Meniscus

169
Q

What is the function of the MCL?

A

Resists Valgus Stress (force going from lateral –> medial knee

170
Q

Where does the LCL attach?

A

Lateral epicondyle –> Head of the Fibula

171
Q

Describe the structure of the LCL?

A

Cord like

**easy to palpate in the figure 4 position

172
Q

What passes deep to the LCL?

A

Popliteus Tendon

173
Q

What does the LCL do to the biceps femurs tendon?

A

Splits it in 2 parts

174
Q

What is the function of the LCL?

A

Resist Varus Stress (force going medial –> lateral knee)

175
Q

What does it mean that the Cruciate ligaments are intraarticular?

A

Located w/in articular joint capsule BUT located outside synovium

176
Q

Where does the ACL attach?

A

Anterior Tibia –> Posterior lateral femoral condyle

177
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Resist anterior translation of the tibia on the femur

178
Q

What are ACL injuries a result of?

A

Forced Hyperextension

179
Q

What is OKC activity?

A

Terminal knee extension (0-30 degrees), quad pulls tibia anterior

180
Q

What is CKC activity?

A

Increasing knee flexion, reactive forces pushing tibia anterior

181
Q

What happens to the ACL if the Mcl is damaged?

A

ACL takes over valgus resistance when knee is flexed

182
Q

Where is the PCL attached?

A

Posterior Tibia –> Inner Aspect of Medial Femoral Condyle

183
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Resist Posterior Translation of the Tibia on the Femur

184
Q

How is the PCL injured usually?

A

Trauma that directly puts posterior force onto the tibia plateau

Genearlly motor vehicle accidents

185
Q

Where does the patellar tendon attach?

A

Attachment of patella and tibial tuberosity

Anatomy Test #3 (3 decks)

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