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Anatomy Test #3 > Module 6: Upper Extremity #2 - Elbow/Forearm, Wrist/Hand > Flashcards

Module 6: Upper Extremity #2 - Elbow/Forearm, Wrist/Hand Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

Triangular hollow area in the anterior elbow

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Superior = Line between medial and lateral epicondyles

Medial = Pronator Teres

Lateral = Brachioradialis

Floor = Brachialis and Supinator Muscles

Roof = Fascia (reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis)

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3
Q

What are the surface anatomy palpation and contents of the cubital fossa?

A

Brachial Artery –> terminal part of brachial artery and its division into radial/ulnar arteries

Biceps Tendon –> plapate for DTR - C5

Bicipital Aponeurosis –> spreads/attaches medially

Pronator Teres = medial border

Brachioradialis = lateral border

Median Cubital Vein = needle stick for venipuncture

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4
Q

What are the anterior/posterior compartments of the forearm (technically not “pure” anterior/posterior division)?

A

Anteromedial Compartment

Posterolateral Compartment

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5
Q

What muscles are contained in the anteromedial compartment?

A

Flexors

Pronators

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6
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the muscles of the anteromedial compartment?

A

Most = median nerve

1.5 = ulnar nerve

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7
Q

What muscles are contained in the posterolateral compartment?

A

Extensors

Supinators

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8
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the muscles of the posterolateral compartment?

A

All = radial

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9
Q

What divides the 2 forearm compartments?

A

Interosseous membrane between radial/ulna bones

Subcutaneous border of the ulna

Radial Artery

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10
Q

Where can you palpate the subcutaneous border of the ulna?

A

length of the ulna

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11
Q

Where can you palpate the radial artery?

A

Find the pulse along the full length of the radial artery

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12
Q

Generally speaking, what do the muscles of the anteromedial compartment of the forearm do?

A

Flex wrist/digits of the hand

Pronate the forearm –> to rotate (the hand or forearm) so that the surface of the palm is downward or toward the back

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13
Q

How are the anteromedial forearm muscles grouped?

A

Superficial Group

Intermediate Group

Deep Group

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14
Q

Which anteromedial forearm muscles are superficial muscles?

A

Pronator Teres

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Palmaris Longus

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

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15
Q

Which anteromedial forearm muscles are intermediate muscles?

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)

**Often grouped w/ superficial layer

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16
Q

Which anteromedial forearm muscles are deep muscles?

A

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Flexor Pollicis Longus

Pronator Quadratus

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17
Q

Describe the pronator teres (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Medial Epicondyle of Humerus and Coronoid Process of Ulna

D = Middle of Lateral Surface of the Radius

N = Median Nerve

A = Pronates and Flexes Forearm

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18
Q

When the median nerve passes by the pronator teres, where does it go?

A

Passes between the 2 heads of the proantor teres

Medial border of the cubital fossa

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19
Q

Describe the Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Medial Epicondyle of Humerus

D = Base of the 2nd Metacarpal

N = Median Nerve

A = Flexes and Abducts the Hand

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20
Q

Which muscle/nerve lie next to the FCR tendon at the wrist?

A

Radial Artery = lateral to FCR tendon (can palpate easily if pt flexes wrist)

Median Nerve = medial to FCR tendon

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21
Q

Describe the Palmaris Longus (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Medial Epicondyle of Humerus

D = Distal 1/2 of Flexor Retinaculum and Palmer Aponeurosis

N = Median Nerve

A = Flexes Hand and “Tightens” Palmer Aponeurosis

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22
Q

Does everyone have a palmaris longus muscle?

A

No

Abscent in 10 - 20% of the population

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23
Q

Where is the median nerve located in relation to the palmaris longus tendon?

A

Laterally @ to the palmaris longus tendonthe wrist

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24
Q

How can you palpate the palmaris longus tendon?

A

Flex Wrist and “pinch” thumb and pinky together = easily seen and palpated

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25
Q

Describe the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = 2 heads:
Humeral head = medial epicondyle of the humerus
Ulnar head = olecranon process and posterior border of the ulna

D = Pisiform, hook of the hamate, and base of the 5th metacarpal bone

N = Ulnar Nerve

A = Flexes and Adduct the hand

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26
Q

What nerve/artery pass near the FCU tendon at the wrist?

A

Ulnar nerve/artery passes laterally

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27
Q

How do you palpate the FCU?

A

Not easily palpated

place forearm on flat surface –> flex and adduct the hand

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28
Q

How does the ulnar nerve pass the FCU?

A

Passes between the 2 heads

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29
Q

Describe the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = 2 heads
Humeroulnar Head = medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of the ulna
Radial Head = superior half of the anterior border of radius

D = Bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits (2 - 5)

N = Median Nerve

A = Flexes PIP join of medial 4 digits (2 - 5); assist w/ flexion of hand and MCP joint

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30
Q

What muscle is the largest superficial anteromedial forearm muscles?

A

Flexor Digitorum Superifcialis

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31
Q

Which nerve and artery pass through the 2 heads of the FDS (flexor digitorum superficialis)?

A

Median Nerve

Ulnar Artery

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32
Q

What are the 4 tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis enclosed at the wrist in?

A

Common Flexor Synovial Sheath

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33
Q

Describe the Digitorum Profundus (FDP) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Proximal 3/4 of medial/anterior surfaces of the ulna and interosseous membrane

D = Base of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits (2 - 5)

N = 2 nerves! Median Nerve (AIN - anterior interosseous nerve) - lateral portion; Ulnar Nerve - medial portion

A = Flexes DIP joint of medial 4 digits (2 - 5) = makes fist; flexion of the hands

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34
Q

What are the 4 tendons of the FDS enclosed at the wrist in?

A

Common Flexor Synovial Sheath

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35
Q

Describe the Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane

D = Base of distal phalanx of the thumb

N = Median Nerve - AIN (anterior interosseous nerve)

A = flexes phalanges of the thumb (1st digit)

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36
Q

What is the manual muscle test for the flexor pollicis longus (FPL)?

A

Stabilize proximal phalange and flex distal phalange aginst resistance

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37
Q

In general what do the posterolateral forearm muscles do?

A

Extend the wrist/digits of the hand and supinate

Brachioradialis flexes the forearm

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38
Q

What nerve innervates the posterolateral forearm muscles?

A

Radial Nerve

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39
Q

What are the 2 posterolateral forearm muscles that aren’t part of the 3 function muscle groups, and what do they do?

A

Brachioradialis = flexes the forearm

Supinator = supinates forearm –> To turn or rotate (the hand or forearm) so that the palm faces up or forward

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40
Q

Besides the brachioradialis and supinator, how are the posterolateral forearm muscles grouped?

A

Functionally:

Muscles that Extend and Abduct/Adduct the Hand

Muscles the Extend the Medial 4 Diits (2 -5 )

Muscles that Extend of Abduct the Tumb

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41
Q

What are the posterolateral forearm muscles that extend and abduct/adduct the hand?

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus = extend/ABduct

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis = extend and ABduct

Extensor carpi ulnaris = extend and ADduct

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42
Q

What are the posterolateral forearm muscles that extend the medial 4 digits (2 - 5)?

A

Extensor Digitorum

Extensor Indices

Extensor Digiti Minimi

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43
Q

What are the posterolateral forearm muscles that extend or abduct the thumb?

A

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Extensor Pollicis Longus

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44
Q

Describe the Brachioradialis (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Proximal 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

D = Lateral surface of distal radius

N = Radial Nerve

A = Flexes the forearm ** is an exception of posterior muscles cause its a flexor

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45
Q

Describe the Supinator (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Laeral epicondyle of humerus, supinator fossa, crest of the ulna

D = Lateral, posterior and anterior surface of the proximal 1/3 of the radius

N = Deep branch of the radial nerve

A = supinates forearm

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46
Q

Describe the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

D = Base of 2nd metacarpal

N = Radial Nerve

A = Extend and Abduct hand

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47
Q

Describe the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Lateral epicondyle of humerus

D = Base of the 3rd metacarpal

N = Deep branch of radial nerve

A = Extend and abduct the hand

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48
Q

Describe the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of the ulna

D = Base of 5th metacarpal

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)

A = Extend and adduct hand

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49
Q

Describe the Extensor Digitorum (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus

D = Extensor Expansion of the medial 4 digits (2 - 5)

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)

A = Extend medial 4 digits (2 -5 ), assist in wrist extension

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50
Q

Describe the Extensor Indices (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane

D = Extensor expansion of 2nd digit

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of the radial nerve)

A = Extend 2nd digit

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51
Q

Describe the Extensor Digiti Minimi (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

D = Extensor expansion of 5th digit

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)

A = Extends 5th digit

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52
Q

Describe the Abductor Pollicis Longus (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Posterior surface of the ulna, radius, interosseous membrane

D = Base of 1st metacarpal

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)

A = Abducts the thumb

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53
Q

Describe the Extensor Pollicis Brevis (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = Posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane

D = Base of proximal phalanx of the thumb

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)

A = Extends proximal phalanx of thumb (@ CMC joint (carpometacarpal joint)

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54
Q

Describe the Extensor Pollicis Longus

A

P = Posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane

D = Base of distal phalanx of thumb

N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)

A = Extends distal phalanx of the thumb (@ interphalangeal joint)

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55
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide, and what does it divide into?

A

Divides @ cubital fossa

Divides into Radial and Ulnar Artery

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56
Q

What branches from the ulnar artery?

A

2 Recurrent branches

Common interosseous artery

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57
Q

What do the 2 recurrent branches supply?

A

Elbow

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58
Q

Where does the common interosseous artery branch?

A

Branches from ulnar artery in the cubital fossa

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59
Q

What does the common interosseous artery divide into?

A

Anterior Interosseous Artery

Posterior Interosseous Artery

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60
Q

Where does the anterior interosseous artery go?

A

Descends along anterior inerosseous membrane

Pierces interosseous membrane @ pronator quadratus; descends posterior into wrist

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61
Q

Where does the posterior interosseous artery go?

A

Pierces interosseous membrane and descends posteriorly into wrist

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62
Q

Where does the ulnar artery go?

A

Descends into wrist –> anastomoses @ wrist and hand w/ radial artery

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63
Q

Where does the radial artery go?

A

Descends deep to the brachioradialis

Descends to wrist –> anastomoses @ wrist and hand w/ branches of ulnar artery

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64
Q

Describe the pathway of the median nerve

A

Enters forearm (cubital fossa) w/ brachial artery

Descends between 2 heads of pronator trees

AIN (anterior interosseous nerve) branches off

Descends between FDS and FDP

@ wrist located between flexor carpi radials and palmaris longus

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65
Q

What muscles are innervated by the median nerve?

A

Pronator Teres

FDS (Flexor Digitorum Superficialis)

Palmaris Longus

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Thenar Muscles:
Abductor pollicus brevi
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis

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66
Q

What muscles are innervated by the AIN (anterior interosseous nerve)?

A

FDP (Flexor digitorum profundus)

FPL (Flexor pollicis longus)

Pronator quadratus

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67
Q

Describe the pathway of the ulnar nerve

A

Passes posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus

Enters forearm between 2 heads of flexor carpi ulnaris –> cubital tunnel

Descends between FCU and FDP

@ wrist passes ANTERIOR to flexor retinaculum

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68
Q

What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

FCU (Flexor carpi ulnaris)

Medial 1/2 FDP (flexor digitorum profundus)

Muscles of the hand:
Hypothenar muscles:
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Interosseous muscles
3rd/4th lumbrical muscles
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis

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69
Q

Describe the pathway of the radial nerve

A

Enters forearm ANTERIOR to lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Travels between branchialis and brachioradialis in cubital fossa

Divides into the Deep and Superficial Branches of the Radial Nerve

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70
Q

Where does the deep branch of the radial nerve go?

A

Pierces Supinator

Wraps posteriorly around radius –> PIN (posterior interosseous nerve)

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71
Q

Where does the superficial branch of the radial nerve go?

A

Continues to descend deep to brachioradialis

Enters the hand to supply the skin of the lateral hand

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72
Q

What muscles are innervated by the radial nerve?

A

Triceps brachii

Anconeous

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

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73
Q

What muscles are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Supinator

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74
Q

What muscles are innervated by the PIN (posterior interosseous nerve)?

A

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Muscles of the digits:
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indices
Extensor digiti minimi

Muscles of the thumb:
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus

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75
Q

What is the anatomical snuff box?

A

Triangular space along the lateral wrist

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76
Q

What are the borders of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Abductor pollicis longus tendon

Extensor pollicis brevis tendon

Extensor pollicis longus tendon

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77
Q

What is contained w/ in the anatomical snuff box?

A

Radial artery as it passes into the hand to form the deep palmar arch

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78
Q

What are the articulations of the wrist joint?

A

Distal Radius and carpal bones

TFCC (TTriangular fibrocartilagenous complex) and the carpal bones

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79
Q

What are the ligaments of the wrist joint?

A

Medial (ulnar) and Lateral (radial) collateral ligaments

Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments

Palmer Radiocarpal ligaments

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80
Q

What do the dorsal radiocarpal ligaments do?

A

Follow radius during pronation

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81
Q

What do the palmer radiocarpal ligaments do?

A

Follow radius during supination

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82
Q

What are the fascia of the hand/wrist?

A

Extensor retinaculum

Palmer carpal ligament

Flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

Palmer aponeurosis

Fibrous septums

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83
Q

What is contained within the extensor retinaculum?

A

Extensor tendons as they pass across the posterior wrist

pass through wrist in “6” compartments

84
Q

What are the extensor tendons enclosed by in the extensor retinaculum?

A

Extensor synovial sheaths

85
Q

What is the palmer carpal ligament?

A

Anterior continuation of the extensor retinacum

86
Q

What does the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) form?

A

“roof” of the carpal tunnel

87
Q

What passes superficially and deep to the flexor retinaculum?

A

Superficial = ulnar nerve

Deep = median nerve

88
Q

What is the apex (promixal) part of the palmer aponeurosis continuous with?

A

Flexor retinaculum

Palmaris longus tendon

89
Q

What are the names of the compartments that the fibrous septums divide the hand into?

A

Thenar compartment

Central compartment

Adductor compartment

Hypothenar compartment

90
Q

What muscles are contained with in the thenar compartment of the hand?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor pollicis brevia

Opponens pollicis

91
Q

What are the innervation and action of the abductor pollicis brevis?

A

N = median nerve (recurrent branch)

A = abducts thumb, assists w/ opposition

92
Q

What are the innervation and action of the flexor pollicis brevis?

A

N = median nerve (recurrent branch)

A = flexes thumb

93
Q

What are the innervation and action of the opponent pollicis?

A

N = median nerve (recurrent branch)

A = opposes thumb

94
Q

What muscle is contained within the adductor compartment of the hand?

A

Adductor pollicis

95
Q

Name the heads of the adductor pollicis

A

Oblique

Transverse

96
Q

What are the innervation and action of the adductor pollicis?

A

N = ulnar nerve

A = adducts thumb toward middling of the hand

97
Q

What is clinically important about the adductor pollicis?

A

B/c it is innervated by the ulnar nerve, you can use it to Ddx between ulnar/median nerve injury

98
Q

What muscles are contained within the hypothenar compartment?

A

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Opponens digiti minimi

99
Q

What are the innervation and action of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

N = Ulnar nerve

A = abduction of the 5th digit

100
Q

What are the innervation and action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

N = ulnar nerve

A = flexion of the 5th digiti

101
Q

What are the innervation and action of the opponent digiti minimi?

A

N = ulnar nerve

A = opposition of the 5th digit

102
Q

What muscle is contained within the central compartment of the hand?

A

Lumbricals

103
Q

Describe the lumbricals (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)

A

P = along tendon of FDP (flexor digitorum profundus)

D = into extensor expansion hood of digits 2 - 5

Innervation = 1 and 2 (unipennate muscles) - median nerve; 3 and 4 (bipennate muscles) - ulnar nerve

A = Flex MCP joint and extend IP joints

104
Q

Where are the interossei muscles located?

A

Between the metacarpals

105
Q

How are the interossei muscles divided and how many each are there?

A

Dorsal interossei = 4

Palmer interossei = 3

106
Q

What are the innervations of the interossei muscles?

A

ALL = ulnar nerve

107
Q

What is the action of the 4 dorsal interossei?

A

ABduct digits w/ midline of the hand

** DAB = dorsal abduct digits

108
Q

What is the action of the 3 palmer interossei?

A

Adduct the digits w/ the midline of the hand

** PAD = palmer adduct digits

109
Q

Where are the palmaris brevis muscles located

A

Subcuatenous tissue of hypothenar region BUT NOT in hypothenar compartment

110
Q

What does the palmaris brevis muscle do?

A

wrinkle skin of the hypothenar eminence

depends hollow of the palm

111
Q

What makes up the extensor expansions (dorsal hood/dorsal expansion) of the digits?

A

Extensor tendons (ED, EDM, EI) flattern to form extensor expansions

112
Q

What does the extensor expansion of the digits do?

A

Aponeurosis type hood wraps around each of the digits 2 - 5

113
Q

What attaches to the lateral band of the hood of the extensor expansions of the digits?

A

Lumbricals

Interossei

114
Q

What are the 3 sheaths of the flexor tendons of the extrinsic hand muscles?

A

Common Flexor Synovial Sheath

Digital Synovial Sheath

Fibrous Digital Sheath

115
Q

What is contained w/ in the common flexor sheath?

A

FDS

FDP

116
Q

Where does the common flexor synovial sheath pass through?

A

Deep to flexor retinaculum in the carpal tunnel

117
Q

What does the digital synovial sheaths do?

A

protect the long finger tendons as they pass through the digital “pulleys” (fibrous digital sheath)

118
Q

What is enclosed by the fibrous digital sheath?

A

Synovial Sheaths

Superifical Flexor Tendons

Deep Flexor Tendons

Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis Longus

119
Q

What are the borders of the carpal tunnel?

A

Anterior = flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

Posterior = carpal bones

Medial/lateral walls = carpal bones

120
Q

What is contained w/ in the carpal tunnel?

A

Median Nerve

FDS tendons (enclosed in common flexor synovial sheath)

FDP tendons (enclosed in the common flexor synovial sheath)

FPL tendon (has own synovial sheath)

121
Q

What is Guyon’s Canal?

A

Tunnel formed between pisiform and hook of the hamate

122
Q

What passes through the Guyon’s Canal?

A

Ulnar Nerve

123
Q

What is clinically important about the Guyon’s Canal?

A

Potential site for ulnar nerve injury

124
Q

Where does the median nerve branch around the wrist?

A

Prior to entering the carpal tunnel

125
Q

What is the name of the branch of the median nerve that branches around the wrist, and what does it supply?

A

Palmar branch

Supplies lateral portion of the palm (passes superficial to flexor retinaculum)

126
Q

After entering the carpal tunnel, where does the median nerve go?

A

Passes deep to flexor retinaculum

127
Q

After passing deep to the flexor retinaculum, what happens to the median nerve?

A

Gives off muscular branch (recurrent branch)

128
Q

What does the muscular (recurrent) branch of the median nerve supply?

A

Thenar muscles

Lumbricals

Palmer surface digits 1 - 3.5 (thumb, index, middle and half of the ring)

Dorsal surface of distal digits 1 - 3.5 (thumb, index, middle, half of the ring)

129
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve emerge into the forearm?

A

Deep to flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

130
Q

What are the names of the branches of the ulnar nerve in the forearm?

A

Dorsal cutaneous branch

Palmer cutaneous branch

131
Q

What does the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Medial half of the dorsum of the hand

132
Q

What does the palmer cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Medial palm

133
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve enter the wrist?

A

Guyon’s Canal

134
Q

After the ulnar nerve enters Guyon’s Canal, what does it do?

A

Branches:

Superficial Branch

Deep Branch

135
Q

What does the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve supply in the hand?

A

Skin of medial 1.5 digits (little finger and half of the ring finger

136
Q

What does the deep branch of the ulnar nerve supply in the hand?

A

Hypothenar muscle

Medial 2 lumbricals

Adductor pollicis

All interossei

137
Q

What is the ulnar nerve critical for in the hand?

A

“fine” movements

138
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate in the hand?

A

Superficial branch of the radial nerve supplies lateral half of the dorsum of the hands (except distal portions of digits 1 - 3.5 (thumb, index, middle, 1/2 of the ring)

NO HAND MUSCLES

139
Q

What are the arteries that supply the hand?

A

Ulnar Artery

Radial Artery

Deep and Superficial Palmer Arches

140
Q

What does the ulnar artery split into to supply the deep forearm?

A

Common Interosseous artery –> anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

141
Q

What does the anterior interosseous artery branch into?

A

Dorsal Carpal Arch (w/ posterior interosseous artery)

Palmer Carpal Arch

142
Q

What does the posterior interosseous artery branch into?

A

Merges w/ Anterior Interosseous to form Dorsal Carpal Arch

143
Q

Where does the ulnar artery enter the hand?

A

Superficial to flexor retinaculum

144
Q

After it enters the hand what does the ulnar artery divide into?

A

Superficial Palmer Arch (w/ radial artery)

Deep Palmer Arch (w/ radial artery)

145
Q

What does the radial artery divide into?

A

Superficial Palmer Arch (w/ ulnar artery)

Deep Palmer Arch (w/ ulnar artery)

146
Q

Where does the radial nerve pass as it forms the deep palmer arch?

A

Dorsal to wrist/thumb as it forms the deep palmer arch

147
Q

What does the deep and superficial palmer arches supply?

A

Digits of the hand of the deep palmer arch

148
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the distal humerus?

A

Radial (spiral) groove

Trochlea

Capitulum

Fossa of the Distal Humerus

Medial Epicondyle

Lateral Epicondyle

149
Q

What is the function of the radial (spiral) groove)?

A

Groove for radial nerve as it travels posterior to humerus

150
Q

What are the 3 fossa of the distal humerus?

A

Olecranon fossa = Posterior surface

Coronoid fossa = Anterio surface

Radial fossa = Anterior surface

151
Q

What is the function of the medial epicondyle?

A

Attachment site for flexor muscles of the forearm

152
Q

What is the function of the lateral epicondyle?

A

Attachment site for extensor muscles of the forearm

153
Q

What is the ulna?

A

Stabilizing bone of the forearm

154
Q

What are the articulations of the ulna?

A

Humeroulnar joint

Proximal and distal radio ulnar joints

155
Q

What is the humeroulnar joint?

A

Articulation between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna

156
Q

What are the landmarks of the ulna?

A

Olecranon

Coronoid process

Trochlear notch

Ulnar tuberosity

Radial notch of the ulna

Head of the ulna

Ulnar styloid process

157
Q

What attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna?

A

Triceps tendon

158
Q

What attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna?

A

Brachialis

159
Q

Where is the ulnar tuberosity of the ulna?

A

Just inferior to the coronoid process

160
Q

What is the function of the radial notch of the ulna?

A

Spot of articulation of the head of the radius w/ the ulna

161
Q

Which end is the head of the ulna?

A

Distal end

162
Q

Where would you find the ulnar styloid process?

A

Distal end

163
Q

Which is longer, the radius or ulna?

A

Ulna

164
Q

Where in relation to the ulna is the radius?

A

Lateral

165
Q

What are the landmarks of the radius?

A

Radial Head

Neck of the Radius

Radial Tuberosity

Body of the Radius

Ulnar Notch of the Radius

Radial Styloid Process

Dorsal Tubercle of the Radius

166
Q

What are the articulations of the radius?

A

Humeroradial Joint

Proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Radiocarpal joint

167
Q

What is the humeroradial joint?

A

Articulation between the captiulum of the humerus and the radial head

168
Q

What does the radial head articulate with?

A

Capitulum of the humerus

Radial notch of the ulna

169
Q

What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the radial head?

A

Annular ligament

170
Q

What does the radial tuberosity do?

A

Separate the head/neck from the body of the radius

171
Q

Where is the ulnar notch of the radius and what does it do?

A

Distal end

Articulates w/ the head of the ulna

172
Q

Where is the radial styloid process located?

A

Distal end of the radius

173
Q

Where would you find the dorsal tubercle of the radius?

A

Distal end of the radius

174
Q

What are the bony articulations of the elbow joint?

A

Trochlea of humerus articulates w/ trochlear notch of the ulna

Captiulum of the humerus articulates w/ head of the radius

175
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow joint?

A

Radial collateral (lateral)

Ulnar collateral (medial)

176
Q

What does the radial collateral ligament connect?

A

Lateral epicondyle to annular ligament surrounding head of the humerus

177
Q

What does the ulnar collateral ligament connect?

A

medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon

178
Q

How is the ulnar collateral ligament divided?

A

3 Bands:

Anterior

Posterior

Oblique

179
Q

What is the carrying angle of the elbow?

A

Male = 10 - 15º

Female = >15º

180
Q

What is clinically important about the subcutaneous olecranon bursa?

A

Inflammation is common

“Olecranon Bursitis”

181
Q

What do the proximal and distal radioulnar joints do?

A

Allow Supination

Allow Pronation

**radius rotates around ulna during these motions

182
Q

What are the forearm muscles of pronation of the forearm?

A

Pronator teres

Pronator quadratus

183
Q

What are the muscles of supination of the forearm?

A

Supinator

Biceps brachii (if resistance)

184
Q

Who articulates with whom in the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Head of radius w/ radial notch of the ulna

185
Q

What stabilizes the head of the radius @ the radiounlar joint?

A

Annular ligament –> ring-like shape allows rotation of the radius

186
Q

What is the sacciform recess?

A

Continuation of the synovial joint capsule of the below joint

187
Q

Where do you find the sacciform recess?

A

between the annular ligament and the radial head

188
Q

Who articulates with whom in the distal radioulnar joint?

A

Head of the ulna articulates w/ ulnar notch of the radius

189
Q

What is the TFCC?

A

Triangular Fibrocartilangeous Complex

190
Q

Where does the TFCC attach?

A

Base of the radius

Styloid process of the ulna

191
Q

What does the TFCC do?

A

Act as pivot during pronation/supination

Act as articular disc

192
Q

How are the carpal bones arranged?

A

8 bones into 2 rows of 4:

Proximal Row

Distal Row

193
Q

What are the carpal bones of the proximal row (lateral to medial)

A

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrium

Pisiform

194
Q

What are the carpal bones of the distal row (lateral to medial)

A

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

195
Q

How are the metacarpals divided?

A

Base

Head

196
Q

What is the base of the metacarpals?

A

Proximal end

197
Q

What do the metacarpal bases form?

A

CMC joints = carpometacarpal joints

articulation w/ carpal bones

198
Q

What is the head of the metacarpals?

A

Distal end

“Knuckles”

199
Q

What do the metacarpal heads form?

A

MCP joints = metacarpal-phalangeal joint

articulation w/ phalanges

200
Q

How are the phalanges divided (except the thumb)

A

Proximal

Middle

Distal

201
Q

How is the thumb divided?

A

Proximal

Distal

202
Q

How are the phalanges numbered, also name them?

A

Lateral to medial

Thumb = 1st digit

Index Finger = 2nd digit

Middle Finger = 3rd digit

Ring Finger = 4th digit

Pinky Finger = 5th digit

203
Q

What are the articulations of the phalanges?

A

MCP (metacarpal-phalangeal joint)

PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)

DIP (instal interphalangeal joint)

204
Q

What are the borders of the cubital tunnel?

A

Medial Epicondyle

Tendinous arch of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles (2 heads: 1 from olecranon, 1 from ulna)

205
Q

What are the contents of the cubital tunnel?

A

Ulnar Nerve

Posterior Recurrent Ulnar Artery

206
Q

Clinically, what is important about the cubital tunnel?

A

Potential site for entrapment

Anatomy Test #3 (3 decks)

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