Module 5: Upper Extremity #1 - Shoulder Girdle and Arm Flashcards
1
Q
What are the regions of the upper extremity?
A
Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle
Arm
Forearm
Hand
2
Q
What are the 3 regions of the Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle?
A
Bony Ring
Posterior Portion
Anterior Portion
3
Q
What makes up the bony ring of the shoulder girdle?
A
Scapula
Clavicle
4
Q
How does the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle attach to the axial skeleton?
A
attaches via “scapthoracic joint” (not a true joint)
5
Q
How does the anterior portion of the shoulder girdle attach to the axial skeleton?
A
attaches via SC join (true synovial joint)
6
Q
What is considered the arm?
A
Humerus = region between shoulder and elbow
7
Q
What is considered the forearm?
A
Radius/Ulna = region between the elbow and the wrist
8
Q
What anatomical structures are contained in the hand?
A
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
9
Q
What are the bony landmarks and articulations of the shoulder girdle and arm?
A
Clavicle
Scapula
Humorous
10
Q
What is the shape of the clavicle and why is it shaped that way?
A
S shape
allows optimal shoulder elevation
11
Q
What is so important about the clavicle?
A
only “connection” of the axial skeleton to the upper extremity
12
Q
What are the 2 articulations of the clavicle?
A
Medial = articulation w/ manubrium = SC (sternoclavicular) joint
Lateral = articulation w/ the scapula = AC (acromioclavicular) joint
13
Q
What are the landmarks of the clavicle?
A
Sternal end = medial
Acromial end = lateral end
Deltoid tubercle = superior surface
Impression for costoclavicular ligament = inferior surface
Subclavian groove = inferior surface
Trapezoid line = inferior surface
Conoid tubercle = inferior surface
14
Q
What attaches to the deltoid tubercle of the clavicle?
A
deltoid muscle
15
Q
What is the attachment of the impression for the costoclavicular ligament?
A
costoclavicular ligament (duh!)
16
Q
What is the attachment of the subclavian groove?
A
subclavius muscle
17
Q
What is the attachment of the trapezoid line?
A
trapezoid ligament
18
Q
What is the attachment of the conoid tubercle?
A
conoid ligament
19
Q
Where is the clavicle most commonly fractured?
A
@ junction between middle and lateral 1/3
20
Q
What is a consequence of osteo-arthritis of the SC or AC joint?
A
Limit functional movement of the shoulder
21
Q
What is another name of the scapula?
A
Shoulder blade b/c it’s got triangle shape
22
Q
What is the function of the scapula?
A
critical role in shoulder function
23
Q
What are the 3 articulations of the scapula?
A
Scapulothoracic articulation = not a real joint
Glenohumeral (GH) joint = glenoid fossa of scapula w/ head of the humorous
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint = acromion process of scapula w/ lateral end of the clavicle
24
Q
What are the landmarks of the scapula (14)?
A
acromion process
coracoid process
spine of the scapula
supraspinous fossa = posterior surface
infraspinous fossa = posterior surface
subscapular fossa = anterior surface
suprascapular notch
head
neck
glenoid cavity (fossa)
supraglenoid tubercle
infraglenoid tubercle
3 borders
3 angles
25
What attaches to the acromion?
deltoid
trapezius
site of AC joint
26
What attaches to the coracoid process?
short head of the biceps brachii
coracobrachialis
pec minor
27
What attaches to the spine of the scapula?
deltoid
trapezius
28
What attaches to the supraspinous fossa?
supraspinatus
29
What attaches to the infraspinous fossa?
infraspinatus
30
What attaches to the subscapular fossa?
subscapularis
31
What attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle?
long head of the biceps brachii
32
What attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle?
long head of the triceps
33
What are the 3 borders of the scapula?
Medial border
Lateral border
Superior border
34
What are the 3 angles of the scapula?
Superior angle = junction of medial/superior borders
Inferior angle = junction of medial/lateral borders
Lateral angle = junction of lateral/superior borders (not as distinct as the others)
35
What is the other name for the humerus?
Arm bone
36
What are the articulations of the humerus?
Glenohumeral Joint (GH)
Elbow
37
Describe the GH joint
Head of the humerus articulates w/ glenoid fossa of scapula
38
What are the 2 articulations of the elbow?
Humeroradial joint
Humeroulnar joint
39
Describe the humeroradial joint
articulation between capitulum of humerus and radial head
40
Describe the humeroulnar joint
articulation between trochlea of humorous and trochlear notch of the ulna
41
What are the landmarks of the humorous (13)?
Head
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Bicipital groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial (spiral) groove
Trochlea
Capitulum
3 fossa of the distal humorous
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
42
Where is the anatomical neck of the humorous and what attaches to it?
medial to tubercles
indentation distal to head of humorous provides attachment for articular capsule
43
Where is the surgical neck and what is important about it?
distal to tubercles
common site for fractures
44
What attaches to the greater tubercle of the humorous?
External Rotators of the Rotator Cuff Muscles:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
45
What attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
Internal Rotator of Rotator Cuff Muscles
Subscapularis
46
Where is the bicipital groove located on the humerus?
between lesser and greater tubercles
47
What sits in the bicipital groove?
Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii
48
What else attaches to the bicipital groove?
Pec major --> lateral lip
Latissimus dorsi --> floor
Teres major --> medial lip
49
Where is the deltoid tuberosity located on the humorous?
lateral aspect near the mid-shaft
50
What attaches to the deltoid tuberosity?
deltoid
51
What is the Radial groove good for?
"groove" for radial nerve as it travels posterior to humerus
52
What are the 3 fossas of the distal humerus, which side are they found on?
Olecranon fossa = posterior surface
Coronoid fossa = anterior surface
Radial fossa = anterior surface
53
What attaches to the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
flexor muscles of the forearm
54
What attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
extensor muscles of the forearm
55
What are the muscles of the anterior thoracoappendicular region?
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior
56
How many heads does the pectoralis major have and name them?
2 Heads
Clavicular Head
Sternal Head
57
Which triangle is the pectoralis major part of?
it is the inferior border of the deltopectoral triangle
58
What does the lateral border of the pectoralis major form?
anterior wall of axilla
59
What is the major function of the pectoralis major?
adduction and medial rotation of the humerus
60
What are the other functions of the pectoralis major?
flexion and extension of the humerus
61
What innervates the pectoralis major?
lateral and medial pectoral nerves
62
Anatomically, where is the pectoralis minor located?
deep to the pectoral major
63
What anatomical landmark is the pectoralis minor a part of?
anterior wall of the axilla
64
What are the functions of the pectoralis minor?
stabilize the scapula
protraction and depression of the scapula
65
What innervates the pectoralis minor?
medial pectoral nerve
66
Where is the subclavian located and where does it attach?
inferior to the clavicle
attaches to subclavian groove of the clavicle
67
What is the function of the subclavian?
stabilize clavicle and SC joint
not fully understood, may protect subclavian artery
68
What innervates the subclavius?
Nerve to the subclavius
69
What does the serratus anterior form?
medial wall of the axilla
70
What are the major functions of the serratus anterior?
protraction and stabilization of the scapula
synergistically assists in the external rotation of the scapula
71
What innervates the serratus anterior?
long thoracic nerve
72
What happens if the long thoracic nerve is damaged?
paralysis/weakness of serratus anterior --> "winging of the scapula"
dysfunction of shoulder abduction
73
What are the borders of the deltopectoral triangle?
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Clavicle
74
What is the content of the deltopectoral triangle?
cephalic vein
passes superficial to join w/ axillary vein
75
What are the superficial posterior thoracoappendicular muscles?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
76
What does the trapezius do?
Attaches shoulder girdle to axial skeleton
77
What are the 3 divisions of the trapezius and what do they do?
Upper = elevate, upward rotation, retraction of the scapula
Middle = Retraction of the Scapula
Lower = Depression, upward rotation, retraction of the scapula
78
When all 3 divisions of the trapezius work synergistically what do they do?
retract the scapula
79
What innervates the trapezius?
CN11
C2
C3
C4
80
What does the latissimus dorsi act on?
Directly on the GH joint
Indirectly on scapulothoracic joint of the shoulder
81
What is the major function of the latissimus dorsi?
extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus
82
Where is the distal attachment of the latissimus dorsi?
Floor of the bicipital groove
83
What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
84
What are the Deep posterior thoracoappendicular muscles?
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
85
What does the levator scapulae do when the proximal attachment is fixed?
elevates and downwardly rotates the scapula
86
What does the levator scapulae do when the distal attachment is fixed?
lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the neck
87
What innervates the levator scapulae?
C3
C4
Dorsal Scapular nerve
88
Where are the rhomboids located?
Deep to the trapezius
89
What does the Rhomboids do?
Retract and downward rotation of the scapula
Stabilizes Scapula
90
What innervates the Rhomboids?
Dorsal Scapula nerve
91
What will you see if there is damage to the dorsal scapular nerve?
Scapula will deviate laterally from the midline
92
What are the Scapulohumeral Muscles (there are 6)?
Deltoid
Teres Major
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
93
Which Scapulohumeral muscles are considered the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
94
How many heads does the deltoid have?
3:
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
95
What is the function of the deltoid when all 3 heads are working synergistically?
abduct the arm
posterior/anterior heads stabilize humerus during abduction
96
What does the deltoid do when the arm is in the adducted position?
assist in resisting distraction of GH joint
97
What are the individual functions of the 3 heads of the deltoid?
Anterior = flex and internally rotate humerus
Middle = abduct humerus
Posterior = extend and externally rotate humerus
98
What innervates the deltoid?
Axillary Nerve
99
What does the teres major form?
inferior portion of the posterior wall of the axilla
100
What is the function of the teres major?
adduct and internally rotate the humerus
**similar to the latissimus dorsi
101
What is the distal attachment of the teres major?
medial lip of the bicipital groove
102
What innervates the teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve
103
In general, what do the rotator cuff muscles do?
dynamic stability of the GH joint
104
Describe the supraspinatus muscle (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = Supraspinous fossa
D = Superior facet of the greater tuberosity
N = Suprascapular Nerve
A = Isolated action = abduct humerus
105
Describe the infraspinatus muscle (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = Infraspinous fossa
D = Inferior to the supraspinatus attachment, middle face of greater tubercle
N = Suprascapular Nerve
A = Works synergistically w/ teres minor to externally rotate humerus
106
Describe the teres minor muscle (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = Superior portion of the lateral border of the scapula
D = Inferior to infraspinatus attachment, inferior facet of greater tubercle
N = Axillary Nerve
A = Works synergistically w/ infraspinatus to externally rotate humerus
107
Describe the subscapularis muscle (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = subscapular fossa
D = Lesser tuberosity of the humerus
N = Upper/Lower subscapularis nerve
A = Internal rotation of the humerus
108
What are the anatomical landmarks of the posterior thoracoappendicular region?
Upper Triangle
Lower Triangle
Quadrangular Space
Triangle of Auscultation
109
What are the borders of the upper triangle?
Superior = Teres Minor
Inferior = Teres Major
Lateral = Long Head of the Triceps
110
What is the contents of the upper triangle?
Circumflex Scapular Artery
111
What are the borders of the lower triangle?
Superior = Teres Major
Medial = Long head of the Triceps
Lateral = Lateral head of the Triceps
112
What are the contents of the lower triangle?
Radial Nerve
Deep Artery of the Arm aka Profunda brachia artery
113
What are the borders of the quadrangular space?
Superior = Teres Minor and Subscaplaris
Inferior = Teres Major
Medial = Long head of the triceps
Lateral = Surgical Neck of the humerous
114
What are the contend of the quadrangular space?
Axillary Nerve
Posterior Humeral Circumflex Artery
115
What are the borders of the triangle of auscultation?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Medial border of the scapula
116
Why is the triangle of auscultation important
hear breath sounds most clearly
117
Describe the Blood flow from the heart to the shoulder girdle and arm
Aorta
Subclavian
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Ulna/Radial arteries
Superficial/Deep palmar arches
118
What are the R/L differences of the subclavian artery?
Right = brachiocephalic trunk --> R subclavian
Left = subclavian branches directly from aorta
119
Describe how/where the axillary artery arises
from subclavian
Begins @ outer border of first rib
Ends @ inferior border of teres major
3 portions
120
Describe how/where the brachial artery arises
from axillary artery
Begins @ inferior border of teres major
Ends by dividing into radial/ulna arteries @ elbow
121
Which arteries supply the hands?
Superficial and deep palmer arteries
122
What are the major blood vessels that supply the scapula region?
Suprascapular Artery
Subscapular Artery
Transverse Cervical Artery (deep branch)
123
What are the major blood vessels that supply the shoulder (proximal Humerus)?
Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
124
Where do the anterior/posterior arteries branch from?
3rd portion of the axillary artery
125
Describe how the elbow/distal humerus are supplied by arteries
Brachial artery --> deep artery of the arm --> wraps posteriorly around the humorous --> radial collaterals (elbow)
Brachial artery --> ulnar collaterals (elbow)
Recurrent arteries of radial/ulna arteries form anastomoses w/ above collateral arteries
126
What is the axilla?
pyramidal shaped region @ the junction of the arm and upper thorax
127
What is clinically important about the axilla?
lymph drainage of breast --> axillary nodes
palpation to identify enlarged lymph nodes
128
What are the Borders of the Axilla?
Medial Wall = Thoracic wall --> ribs 1-4 + intercostals; serratus anterior
Lateral Wall = humerus (it's narrow)
Anterior Wall = Pec major + Pec minor
Posterior Wall = Subscapularis, Teres Major, Latissimus dorsi
129
What forms the base of the axilla?
axillary fascia and concave skin
130
What forms the apex of the axilla
connection between neck and axilla
space between clavicle, 1st rib and scapula
131
What are the contents of the axilla?
Neurovascular bundle enclosed in axillary sheath =
Axillary artery and its branches, Axillary vein, Brachial Plexus
Axillary lymph nodes
132
Where do the nerves that supply the thoracoappendicular region and upper extremity originate from?
C3 - T1
133
What specifically forms the brachial plexus?
ventral rami of C5 - T1
134
How are peripheral nerves formed?
from the ventral rami merging and dividing
135
What are the major peripheral nerves of the upper limb?
Axillary
Musculocutaneous
Radial
Median
Ulnar
136
Name the regions that the Brachial plexus is divided into
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
137
What are the brachial plexus roots formed by?
ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 - T1
138
Which muscles do the roots of the brachial plexus pass through?
In between anterior and middle scalene muscles
139
How many trunks are formed by the roots?
3
140
How many peripheral nerves emerge from the roots and what are their names?
2 peripheral nerves:
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Long Thoracic Nerve
141
What are the names of the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus, and which roots are they formed by?
Superior Trunk = C5 - C6
Middle Trunk = C7
Inferior Trunk = C8 - T1
142
How do the trunks divide?
Anterior division
Posterior division
143
How many peripheral nerves emerge from the trunks and what is its name?
1 peripheral nerve = nerve to subclavius
144
What do the divisions of the brachial plexus do?
anterior/posterior divisions merge to form cords
145
How many peripheral nerves emerge from the divisions and what is its name?
1 peripheral nerve = suprascapular nerve
146
How many cords of the brachial plexus are there and what are they made from?
3:
Lateral Cord = anterior divisions of superior/middle trunks
Medial Cord = anterior division of the inferior trunk
Posterior cord = posterior divisions of all 3 trunks
147
How are the cords of the brachial plexus named?
according to their relationship w/ the axillary artery
148
What do the cords do?
divide and merge to form branches (peripheral nerves)
149
What are the branches of the lateral cord?
musculocutaneous nerve
lateral pectoral nerve
1/2 of the median nerve (merges w/ medial cord)
150
What are the branches of the medial cord?
1/2 median nerve (merges w/ lateral cord)
medial pectoral nerve
medial brachial cutaneous nerve
medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
ulnar nerve
151
What are the branches of the posterior cord?
axillary nerve
radial nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
upper subscapular nerve
lower subscapular nerve
152
What muscles do the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?
Rhomboids
Occasionally legator scapulae
153
What muscles do the long thoracic nerve innervate?
serratus anterior
154
What muscles do the nerve to the subclavius innervate?
subclavius
155
Where does the supra scapular nerve pass through and what does it innervate?
pass through scapular notch
supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus
156
Where does the musculocutaneous nerve pass through and what does it supply?
Pierces Coracobrachialis
Supplies coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii
157
What happens to the musculocutaneous?
continues on as lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm aka lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
158
What does the lateral pectoral nerve supply?
pectoralis major
159
What does the median nerve supply?
wrist/hand flexor muscles of the forearm
thenar region of the hand
160
What does the median pectoral nerve supply?
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
161
What does the medial brachial cutaneous nerve supply?
skin of the medial arm
NO MUSCLES!
162
What does the medial ante brachial cutaneous nerve supply?
skin of the medial forearm
NO MUSCLES!
163
What does the ulnar nerve supply?
muscles of the hand and 1.5 flexor muscles of the forearm
164
Where does the axillary nerve go?
exits through the quadrangular space
165
What does the axillary nerve supply?
deltoid
teres minor
166
What happens to the axillary nerve after it supplies the deltoid and teres minor?
continues as superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve --> supplies skin over deltoid region
167
Where does the radial nerve travel?
posterior around humerus (in radial (spiral) groove)
168
What does the radial nerve supply?
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Brachioradialis
Wrist/hand extensor muscles of the forearm
169
What does the thoracodorsal nerve supply?
Latissimus Dorsi
170
What does the upper subscapular nerve supply?
Superior portion of the subscapularis
171
What does the lower subscapular nerve supply?
Superior portion of inferior portion of the subscapularis
Teres major
172
How are the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm divided?
medial and lateral intermuscular septum
173
Which nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
174
Which nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the arm?
Radial nerve
175
What are the muscles of the arm?
Coracobrachialis
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Triceps Brachii
Anconeus
176
Descibe the Coracobracialis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = coracoid process of the scapula
D = middle 1/3 of medial humerus
N = musculocutaneous nerve
A = flex and adduct the arm
177
Which nerve pierces through the coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous Nerve
178
Descibe the Biceps Brachii (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = Long Head = supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; Short Head = coracoid process of the scapular
D = Radial tuberosity of the radius; Bicipital aponeurosis
N = Musculocutaneous Nerve
A = Flexes arm and Forearm; Supinates forearm
179
What is the bicipital aponeurosis?
fascia that extends from the distal biceps tendon and blends w/ fascia of flexor muscles of the forearm
180
What does the bicipital aponeurosis do?
provides protection for structures in the cubital fossa
181
What does the transverse humeral ligament do?
"contains" tendon of long head in bicipital groove
182
What are some clinical issues associated w/ the transverse humeral ligament?
potential for dislocation of the tendon
183
What is biceps tendonitis?
irritation of the long head tendon as it passes through the bicipital groove
184
Whats the most important rehab for a rupture of the long head tendon of the biceps brachii?
Strengthening (optimal in supinated position)
185
Describe the Brachialis (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = Distal half of anterior surface of humerus
D = Coronoid tuberosity of ulna
N = Musculocutaneous Nerve
A = Primary flexor of forearm, flexes forearm in all positions (supinated, neutral, or pronated)
186
What is most important when rehabbing brachial is injury?
Strengthening in all positions
187
Describe the Triceps brachii (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = 3 heads:
Long head = infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral head = posterior humerus SUPERIOR to radial groove
Medial head = posterior humerus INFERIOR to radial groove
D = Olecranon process of ulna
N = Radial nerve
A = Primary extensor of forearm
188
Clincially what could happen to the triceps in a lower cervical spinal cord injury?
Could be severely impacted, triceps supplied by C7 and C8
Functional triceps will have a significant impact on ADLs
189
Describe the Anconeus (Proximal Attachment, Distal Attachment, Nerve, Action)
P = lateral epicondyle of humerus
D = olecranon process of ulna
N = radial nerve
A = assists in forearm extension, stabilize below joint
190
Where does the axillary nerve come from and where does it go?
Branches off posterior cord --> posteriorly
Exits through quad space
191
What does the axillary nerve innervate?
Teres Minor
Deltoid
192
Where does the musculocutaneous nerve come from and where does it go?
Begins inferior border of pec minor
Pierces coracobrachialis
Travels between biceps brachii/brachialis
Becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
193
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
194
Where does the radial nerve travel?
Posterior to brachial artery/medial humerus in radial groove
Descends w/ deep arty of the arm
Pierces lateral intermuscular septum
Travels between brachialis and brachioradialis to elbow
195
Where does the median nerve go?
Follows brachial artery laterally then crosses to run medial
**No branches in axilla or arm
196
Where does the ulnar nerve go?
Travels medial to brachial artery and anterior to triceps
Pierces intermuscular septum and descends posteriorly @ mid point of humerus
Passes posterior to medial epicondyle, enters forearm
***No branches in axilla or forearm
197
Where does the brachial artery come from?
Axillary artery @ point of the inferior border of teres major
198
Where does the brachial artery end?
Cubital Fossa
Branches into radial/ulnar arteries
199
Where does the deep artery of the arm come from?
Brachial Artery
200
Where does the deep artery of the arm travel?
Posterior to humerus in radial groove
201
What does the deep artery of the arm branch into?
Radial collateral arteries (supply lateral elbow)
202
Where does the ulnar collateral branches come from?
Brachial artery
203
What does the ulnar collateral branches supply?
Medial elbow
204
What are the 2 joints of the upper extremity?
Acromioclavicular joint (AC)
Glenohumeral joint (GH)
205
What are the Ligaments of the AC joint?
AC Ligament = superior/inferior portion
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Trapezoid Ligament = coracoid process to trapezoid line of clavicle
Conoid Ligament = coracoid process to conoid tubercle of clavicle
206
How are AC joint separations classified?
6 Grades
Types 1 - 6
207
What is a Type 1 AC Joint Separation?
Partial injury to AC ligaments
Coracoclavicular ligament is intact
208
What is a Type 2 AC Joint Separation?
Disruption of AC ligaments
Coracoclavicular ligament still intact
209
What is a Type 3 AC Joint Separation?
Disruption of AC and Coracoclavicular ligaments
Clavicle displaced superiorly
210
What is a Type 4 AC Joint Separation?
Disruption of AC and Coracoclavicular ligaments
Clavicle is displaced superiorly and posteriorly
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What is a Type 5 AC Joint Separation?
Clavicle is displaced into subcutaneous position
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What is a Type 6 AC Joint Separation?
Rare
AC and Coracoclavicular ligaments are disrupted
Clavicle is displaced inferiorly
Often have other fractures
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What is the glenohumeral joint?
Articulation between the humeral head and the glenoid cavity of the humerus
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What does the glenoid labrum do?
Increases congruency of the joint
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What are the ligaments of the GH joint and what do they do?
Glenohumeral Ligaments
Coracohumeral Ligament
Coracoacromial Ligament
Transverse Humeral Ligament
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What are the glenohumeral ligaments and what do they do?
Strengthen anterior aspect of the joint
Superior glenohumeral ligament
Middle glenohumeral ligament
Inferior glenohumeral ligament
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Where does the coracohumeral ligament run?
Coracoid process to greater tuberosity of humerus
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What does the coracoacromial ligament do?
Forms part of coracoacromial arch
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What is the coracoacromial arch made of?
Coracoacromial Ligament
Acromion Process
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What is formed by the coracoacromial arch?
Subacromial space --> supraspinatus tendon
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What protects the supraspinatus tendon?
Subacromial bursa (lies between the arch and the tendon
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What does the transverse humeral ligament do?
Acts as bridge over the bicipital groove
Contains long head of the biceps tendon
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What are the 2 bursa of the GH joint?
Subacromial bursa
Subscapularis bursa
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What does the subscapularis bursa do, and where does it lie?
Communicates w/ GH joint capsule
Lies between subscapularis tendon and neck of the scapula
