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Biology - Year 12 > Module 7: Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Module 7: Infectious Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disease?

A

Any process or condition that adversely affects the normal functioning of a living thing

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2
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Any disease caused by another organism or an infective agent known as pathogens

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Any agent which causes disease in an organism

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4
Q

What distinguishes a prion?

A

Non living, defective form of protein molecules which do not contain genetic material

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5
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by prions?

A

Mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt - Jacob disease

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6
Q

What distinguishes a virus?

A

Non living, non cellular that requires a living host to replicate and contains genetic material

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7
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by viruses?

A

Hepatitis B, Aids, Smallpox

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8
Q

What distinguishes a bacteria?

A

Living, unicellular, prokaryotic cell which has a cell wall

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9
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis, Anthrox

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10
Q

What distinguishes a protozoa?

A

Living, unicellular eukaryotic cell

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11
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by protozoa?

A

Malaria, Giardiasis

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12
Q

What distinguishes a fungi?

A

Living, eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular organism with cell walls

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13
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by fungi?

A

Tinea, Thrush

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14
Q

What distinguishes a macro parasite?

A

Living, eukaryotic multicellular organism visible to the naked eye

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15
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

External parasites

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16
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

Internal parasites

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17
Q

What are examples of macro parasites?

A

Tapeworm, paralysis tick

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18
Q

How do bacteria reporduce?

A

Via an asexual process known as binary fission

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19
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A single cell dividing into two identical cells

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20
Q

What are the four most common shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccus, spirillum, bacillus and vibrio

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21
Q

What do coccus bacteria look like?

A

Spherical

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22
Q

What do spirillum bacteria look like?

A

Spiral

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23
Q

What do bacillus bacteria look like?

A

Rod shaped

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24
Q

What do vibrio bacteria look like?

A

Common shaped (ununiform tear drops)

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25
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

By producing toxins and chemicals harmful to the host

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26
Q

How can transmission of disease occur?

A

Directly, indirectly or through a vector

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27
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A tough waterproof external layer on some bacteria

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28
Q

Why are endospores problematic?

A

They can lay dormant for years and can resist heat, chemicals and desiccation

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29
Q

What does saprophytic in context with fungi mean?

A

That they live on dead plant and animal material

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30
Q

What is mould composed of?

A

They are composed of hyphae, which spreads to form mycelium

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31
Q

What is mycelium?

A

The main fungal body

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32
Q

What is hyphae?

A

Microscopic tublur filaments

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33
Q

How can fungi reproduce?

A

Asexually by budding or sexually

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34
Q

What is a fungal cutaneous infection?

A

Infection of the outer skin layer

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35
Q

What is a fungal subcutaneous infection?

A

Infection beneath the skin surface

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36
Q

What is a fungal systemic infection?

A

Infection affecting internal organs

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37
Q

How can fungi by transmitted?

A

Directly or indirectly

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38
Q

How can protozoa be transmitted?

A

Directly, indirectly and by vectors

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39
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

By binary fission

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40
Q

What are the four main classifications of Protozoa?

A
  • Flagellates
  • Ciliates
  • Amoebae
  • Sporozoa
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41
Q

What are flagellates?

A

Protozoa which have a whip like tail known as flagellum

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42
Q

What are ciliates?

A

Protozoa which have many hair like projections known as cilia

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43
Q

What are amoebaes?

A

Protozoa which use projections of cytoplasm to move around

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44
Q

What are sporozoa?

A

Protozoa which can not move and reproduce by releasing spores

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45
Q

What are some examples of endoparasites?

A

Flatworms, tapeworms and roundworms

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46
Q

What are some examples of ectoparasites?

A

Leeches, ticks and flees

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47
Q

What are helminths?

A

A parasitic worm

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48
Q

What are worms generally treated with?

A

Anthelmintics

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49
Q

How do helminths reproduce?

A

By releasing eggs

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50
Q

What are athropods?

A

Are invertebrates that have an exoskeleton and segmented body

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51
Q

What are some examples of anthropods?

A

Fleas, ticks, lice, mites, mosquitoes

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52
Q

What is a capsid?

A

It is a protective coat that encloses the genetic material in a virus

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53
Q

What can be found on the protein coat of virsus?

A

Chemicals which helps attachment to cells

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54
Q

What are prions?

A

Abnormal proteins causing degenerative diseases

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55
Q

How do prions cause disease?

A

By inducing abnormal folding patterns in normal proteins

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56
Q

Why are diseases caused by prions called spongiform?

A

They leave the brain filled with tiny holes like a sponge

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57
Q

How are prions transmitted?

A

By ingesting infected tissue, inheritance and it can be spontaneous

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58
Q

What are the three stages of chain of infection?

A

A host susceptible to disease
A disease causing pathogen
A mode of transmission

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59
Q

What is direct contact?

A

Transmission through physical contact between host and organisms

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60
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Spread in the same generation

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61
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Spread from parents to offspring

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62
Q

What are some examples of direct contact?

A

Kissing, touching and biting

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63
Q

What is indirect contact?

A

Transmission when there is no direct contact between host and organisms

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64
Q

What is a formite?

A

An object or material that carries pathogens

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65
Q

What are some examples of indirect contact?

A

Coughing, sneezing, touching infected surfaces, contaminated food or water

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66
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

Transmisson through arthropods

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67
Q

What are some examples of vectors?

A

Mosquitos, sandflies, ticks

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68
Q

What are clusters of fungi and bacteria known as?

A

Colonies

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69
Q

What are the two conditions required for bacterial and fungal culture?

A

Nutrient agar and 30*C

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70
Q

What do bacterial colonies look like?

A

Tend to be smooth, glossy and coloured

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71
Q

What do fungal colonies look like?

A

Tend to be fury and large

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72
Q

How did people think disease was caused in the past?

A

BY spontaneous generation

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73
Q

Who developed the agar plate technique?

A

Koch

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74
Q

What did Koch do extensive studies on?

A

Anthrax

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75
Q

What did koch conclude?

A

That disease is caused by micro-organisms

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76
Q

What are the four criteria for Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every diseased host
  2. Pathogen must be isolated and then cultured
  3. When sample is exposed to a host they must develop the same symptoms
  4. Pathogen must be isolated from second host and must be same as first
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77
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover whilst researching fermentation?

A

Different organisms were responsible for fermentation and souring of alcohol

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78
Q

What is pasteurisation?

A

The process of heating a liquid to destroy pathogens

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79
Q

Who proposed germ theory?

A

Louis Pasteur

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80
Q

What experiment did Louis Pasteur do to prove germ theory?

A

The swan neck experiment

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81
Q

What vaccine did Louis Pasteur develop?

A

Vaccine against rabies

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82
Q

Why is Australia’s agriculture relatively free from many infectious diseases?

A

Because of the isolated nature of Australia

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83
Q

What is Panama Disease caused by?

A

A fungus

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84
Q

What are the signs of Panama Disease?

A

Yellowing and wilting of leaves and splitting of stems

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85
Q

How is Panama Disease spread?

A

From root to root contact and contaminated soil

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86
Q

What is footrot in sheep caused by?

A

A bacteria

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87
Q

What are the signs of footrot in sheep?

A

Abscesses between toes, lameness and weight loss

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88
Q

How is footrot in sheep spread?

A

Foot to foot via pasture or mud

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89
Q

What are the main factors increasing the risk of disease?

A

Increased mobility of human population
Climate change
Antimicrobial resistance
Loss of genetic diversity

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90
Q

Where can fungi enter plants?

A

Via the stomata or other openings

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91
Q

How does fungi impact plants?

A

Destroys conducting tissues preventing the absorption of nutrients

92
Q

How do insects impact plants?

A

They can cause direct physical damage

93
Q

Where can bacteria which effect plants be found?

A

Soil, weeds and seeds

94
Q

What are the four steps for an organism to cause disease?

A
  1. Enter the host
  2. Multiply in host tissue
  3. Resist or not stimulate host defence
  4. Damage the host
95
Q

What does a prion do to facilitate movement through the body?

A

May piggyback other proteins

96
Q

How does a protozoa enter host cells?

A

Microtubule protrusion

97
Q

How do protozoa protect themselves?

A

They form a vacuolar membrane providing protection from lysosome

98
Q

How do viruses adhere to host cells?

A

Viral surface proteins adhere to host cell surface receptors

99
Q

How does a virus enter the cell?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

100
Q

What adaptations help bacteria with adhesion?

A

By pili and fimbriae

101
Q

How do bacteria invade the body?

A

Enzymes break down cell contents
Toxins are secreted to damage host cells

102
Q

What adaptations do bacteria have to protect itself?

A

Capsules resist phagocytosis

103
Q

What adaptations do ticks have for invasion?

A

Specialised mouthparts which can be inserted in skin
Molecules are secreted in saliva to prevent clotting/inflammation

104
Q

What adaptations does fungus have for invasion?

A

Thermotolerance
Enzymes secreted to damage cells and provide nutrients for fungus

105
Q

What are adaptation of pathogens which are airborne?

A

Able to remain suspended in air for long periods
Resist drying out
Cause sneezing and coughing

106
Q

What are adaptation of pathogens which are waterborne?

A

Able to colonise in water
Many can not be destroyed from boiling water

107
Q

What are adaptations of vector borne pathogens?

A

Vector is not affected by pathogens
Are in digestive track/saliva for transmission
Life cycle of pathogen is synched with feeding of vector

108
Q

What are adaptations of faeco-oral pathogens?

A

Pathogens very stable in all environments
Causes vomiting/diarrhoea increasing transmission

109
Q

What are adaptations of soil-borne pathogens?

A

Form endospores to resist desiccation
Stable in a range of environments

110
Q

What are adaptations of blood-borne pathogens?

A

Takes advantage of unique features of red blood cells

111
Q

What are the two major types of passive defences for plants?

A

Physical and chemical barriers

112
Q

What physical barriers do plants have?

A

Thick cuticle, cell walls and small stomata
Bark
Vertical hanging leaves reducing the risk of water pooling

113
Q

What do chemical barriers do in plants?

A

Chemical compounds reduce fungal and bacterial growth
Enzymes break down pathogen-derived toxins

114
Q

What are the three major stages of active defence in plants?

A

Recognition, rapid response and delayed response

115
Q

What is pathogen recognition in plants?

A

Can recognise pathogens by certain physical and chemical signals

116
Q

When does rapid response happen in plants?

A

In minutes to hours

117
Q

What can happen during the rapid response in plants?

A

Release of hydrogen peroxide directly killing microbes
Reinforcements of cell wall
Cell death isolating the pathogen

118
Q

When does delayed response happen in plants?

A

In days

119
Q

What happens during the delayed response in plants?

A

Repairing wounds in bark

120
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity present at birth that is none specific and includes the first and second line of defence

121
Q

What is the first line of defence in animals?

A

Physical and chemical barriers

122
Q

When does the second line of defence occur?

A

When the first line of defence in broken

123
Q

What is the second line of defence in animals?

A

Cellular response such as inflammation

124
Q

What is the third line of defence in animals?

A

Adaptive immunity which is acquired and is a specified response

125
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule which is recognised as foreign triggering a response

126
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymph, lymph nodes and lymph vessels

127
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Forms a drainage system for all parts of the body

128
Q

What do the lymph nodes do?

A

FiIlter out microbes, cellular debris and cancer cells

129
Q

What do macrophage do?

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens

130
Q

What do dendrite cells do?

A

Trigger adaptive immune response

131
Q

What do neutrophil do?

A

Are the most common white blood cell at the site of trauma/infection

132
Q

What does the microbiome do?

A

Inhibits the growth and multiplication of pathogens

133
Q

What can occur when microbiome is compromised?

A

Pathogen growth may not be controlled and disease can occur such as thrush

134
Q

What can impact the microbiome?

A

Antibiotics

135
Q

What are the three parts of skin?

A

epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

136
Q

What is the three step process that occurs when skin is broken?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Proliferation –> new cells generated
  3. Maturation –> cells mature creating a new barrier
137
Q

What is the mucous membrane?

A

Epithelial tissue which forms a barrier from pathogens

138
Q

What does the mucous membrane secret?

A

Mucus, lysozyme and immunoglobins

139
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Protects the lining of the body by trapping foreign substances

140
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Circular muscles that ensures one way flow through constriction and relaxation

141
Q

How is a granuloma created?

A

Cells die to create a wall that prevents the infection from spreading

142
Q

What happens to granuloma once formed?

A

They are destroyed by macrophages

143
Q

When does vomiting occur?

A

Presence of pathogens in the stomach

144
Q

What does diarrhoea do?

A

Quickly expels organisms from the intestine

145
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A chemical response that helps repair wounds and pathogen destruction

146
Q

What are some signs of inflammation?

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling

147
Q

What type of response is inflammation?

A

Non-specific defence mechanism

148
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process of phagocytes engulfing foreign particles

149
Q

What happens to particles inside phagocytes?

A

They are destroyed by enzymes

150
Q

Where do neutrophils originate from?

A

Bone marrow

151
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Are the first to move to the site of infection and fight acute infections

152
Q

Where are monocytes?

A

Circulating in the blood

153
Q

What do monocytes transform into?

A

Macrophages and dendrite cells

154
Q

What do macrophages and dendrite cells do?

A

Fight chronic infections and act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems

155
Q

What is a fever?

A

The bodies response to pathogens by increasing body temp

156
Q

What is the purpose of fevers?

A

To limit the growth of pathogens and enhance white blood cell activity

157
Q

Why can fevers be bad?

A

In temperature is too high in the brain it can lead to seizures

158
Q

What are cytokins?

A

Chemical messengers which promote development and differentiation of T and B cells

159
Q

What is an example of cytokins?

A

Interleukin

160
Q

What is the humoral response effective against?

A

Pathogens in body fluids

161
Q

What is the cell mediated response effective against?

A

Intracellular pathogens

162
Q

What is responsible for the adaptive immune response?

A

T and B cells

163
Q

What are the T and B cells responsible for?

A

The adaptive immune response

164
Q

What do B cells become?

A

Plasma cells which produce antibodies

165
Q

What do T cells become?

A

Cytotoxic T cells which destroy infected body cells

166
Q

What is mainly responsible for the humoral response?

A

B cells

167
Q

Where are B cells stored?

A

Lymph nodes

168
Q

What activate B cells?

A

Helper T cells which release cytokines

169
Q

What happens when a B cell is activated?

A
  1. B cell multiplies
  2. B cells differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells
170
Q

What is the cell mediated response?

A

When T-cells target and destroy an entire infected host cell

171
Q

What are the four types of T cells?

A

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells and suppressor T cells

172
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Release chemical that activate cloning of cytotoxic T cells and B cells

173
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Move to the site of infection and release chemicals that destroy infected cells

174
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Remain in the body to respond to future infections

175
Q

What do suppressor t cells do?

A

Suppress the immune response when the infection has been defeated

176
Q

What are major local factors?

A

Sanitation, overcrowding, poor communication, animal husbandry and culture

177
Q

What are global factors?

A

Increased movement of people globally and rise in antibiotic resistance

178
Q

What are societal factors?

A

Anti vaccination campaigns
Lack of education
Poverty
Immigration
Rise of international travel

179
Q

What is included in personal hygiene?

A

Keeping our body and any openings clean

180
Q

What is included in community hygiene?

A

Sewage and garbage disposal, sterilisation of medical equipment and reduction of overcrowding

181
Q

What does DAWR stand for?

A

Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

182
Q

What is DAWR responsible for?

A

Keeping Australia relatively disease free

183
Q

What does vaccination involve?

A

The introduction of the vaccine to the body

184
Q

What is immunisation?

A

The process in which the body reacts to a pathogen

185
Q

What does an immune response produce?

A

Memory cells

186
Q

What is active acquired immunity?

A

When the immune response occurs and memory cells are created

187
Q

What are the three things that vaccines can contain?

A

Pathogens that are living but attenuated or dead and toxoids

188
Q

What are booster injections used for?

A

To increase memory cells

189
Q

What is passive acquired immunity?

A

Introduction of antibodies which have been produced by another organism to prevent disease from developing

190
Q

How long will passive acquired immunity last for?

A

A couple of months

191
Q

What does RICE stand for in the public health campaign approach?

A

Resolution of WHO to find solution
Information in form of scientific studies
Coordination on all scales
Education of human population

192
Q

What are pestacides?

A

Chemicals used to kill pests on plants

193
Q

What are the three types of pesticides?

A

Insecticides - insects
Fungicides - fungus
Herbicides - weeds

194
Q

Why is the use of pesticides discouraged?

A

As organisms can build resistance and they have great harm on the environment

195
Q

What are alternatives to pestacides?

A

Natural pesticides and companion plants

196
Q

What does genetic engineering involve?

A

Altering of the genetic composition of an organism

197
Q

Why is genetic engineering used against infectious diseases?

A

As it makes it possible to make organisms resistant to diseases

198
Q

What are the four main classifications of antimicrobials?

A

Antibiotics - Bacteria
Antivirals - Viruses
Antifungals - Fungi
Antiprotozoals - Protozoa

199
Q

What is an example of an antibiotic?

A

Penicillins

200
Q

What is an example of an antiviral?

A

Tamiflu

201
Q

What is an example of an antifungal?

A

Fluconazole

202
Q

What is an example of an antiprotozoals?

A

Doxycycline

203
Q

What does an antiviral do?

A

Does not kill a virus but inhibits development in cells

204
Q

What does an antibiotic do?

A

Kills or slows down the growth of bacteria

205
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of new cases occurring during a specific time

206
Q

How is incidence calculated?

A

Number of new cases during time/size of population x 100

207
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The proportion of the population that have the disease

208
Q

How is prevalence calculated?

A

All new + previous cases during time period/population during time period x 100

209
Q

What is smokebush?

A

It is a plant that indigenous people have used for healing

210
Q

Why have scientists taken interest in smokebush?

A

It’s properties have the potential to treat HIV

211
Q

How does direct contact influence the spread of the disease?

A

Limits spread as it is limited to the transmission through touching or droplets in a one meter range

212
Q

How does indirect contact influence the spread of the disease?

A

Results in disease spreading rapidly over large distances

213
Q

How does vector transmission influence the spread of the disease?

A

Spreads disease according to the mobility and lifecycle of the vector, can spread pathogens across borders

214
Q

What is a retrospective cohort study?

A

It uses preexisting secondary research data to examine the relationship between an exposure and an outcome

215
Q

What is a prospective cohort study?

A

Follows a group of individuals over time

216
Q

What is endemic?

A

Disease regularly occurring within an area or community

217
Q

How were antibiotics used historically?

A

Historically, antibiotics have been very successful in the treatment of bacterial infections. During World
War II, many soldiers’ lives were saved due to the use of antibiotics to treat wounds

218
Q

What does increased blood flow to infected areas result in?

A

They bring phagocytes to the site to
carry out phagocytosis, destroying the pathogen

219
Q

What chemicals cause inflammation?

A

Histamines and prostaglandins

220
Q

What does phytophthora cinnamomi cause?

A

Lesions in the plant which look rotten

221
Q

What was one historical strategy of controlling the spread of disease and how effective was it?

A

In the 18th century they started isolating people who were unwell and quarantine of exposed people this was very effective

222
Q

What type of protein is formed in response to a pathogen?

A

Antibody

223
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The one that is manipulated or changed

224
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation

225
Q

How do you remember the difference between dependent and independent variables?

A

The dependent variable ‘depends’ on the independent variable

226
Q

What does heterotrophic mean?

A

An organism that cannot produce its own food

Biology - Year 12 (4 decks)

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