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Biology - Year 12 > Module 6: Genetic Change > Flashcards

Module 6: Genetic Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What are physical muatgens?

A

Heat and ionising radiation

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2
Q

What is ionising radiation?

A

Radiation that has enough energy to break chemical bonds in DNA

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3
Q

What does ionising radiation cause in DNA?

A

Deletion or partial chromosome loss

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4
Q

What is base excision repair?

A

When damaged or incorrect base is removed and replaced

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5
Q

What is mismatch repair?

A

When DNA polymerase carries out ‘spell check’ for accuracy of replication

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6
Q

What is point muation?

A

A single nucleotide variation

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7
Q

What does point mutation usually result in?

A

Base substitution but some result in frameshift

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8
Q

What is an example of point mutation?

A

Sickle cell gene point mutation which causes sickle cell aneamia

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9
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

Point mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

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10
Q

What does frameshift mutation result in?

A

A whole sequence of incorrect amino acids

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11
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Change in amino acids to a stop codon

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12
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Change in an amino acid

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13
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Change in DNA sequence that does not cause change in amino acids

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14
Q

What is chromosomal mutation?

A

Large scale changes where the overall structure or number of chromosomes is changed

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15
Q

What are the four types of chromosomal mutation?

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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16
Q

What is chromosomal deletion?

A

When a section of DNA is removed and not replaced

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17
Q

What is chromosomal duplication?

A

Portion of DNA is duplicated and inserted

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18
Q

What is chromosomal inversion?

A

DNA is removed and turned 180 degrees and reinserted

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19
Q

What is chromosomal translocation?

A

DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

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20
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

When one or more extra copies of an entire chromosome are made or are missing

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21
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in somatic cells which are non-reproductive cells

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22
Q

How does a somatic mutation occur?

A

Due to replication error

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23
Q

What cells does somatic mutations effect?

A

Daughter cells of somatic cells

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24
Q

What are germline mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in the germline cells which are gametes

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25
Q

What cells does germline mutations effect?

A

Passed onto offspring and effects all cells

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26
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in allele frequency due to chance

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27
Q

What is an example of when genetic drift may occur?

A

When a natural disaster may wipe out some organisms in an area

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28
Q

How does genetic drift impact allele frequency?

A

The allele frequency of survivors will increase

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29
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The change of allele frequency from the movement of individuals

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30
Q

What 4 factors affect allele frequency?

A

Selective pressure, sexual selection, mutation and gene flow

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31
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

A large decrease of organisms due to natural disaster

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32
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When individuals become geographically isolated

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33
Q

How does population size impact genetic drift?

A

The smaller the population the greater the impact is

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34
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of biological materials as tools

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35
Q

How long has biotechnology existed for?

A

Many thousands of years

36
Q

What is an example of ancient biotechnology?

A

Agriculture and selecting the seeds from the best crops and hybrid vigour

37
Q

What is hybrid vigour?

A

Cross breeding resulted in stronger and healthier offspring

38
Q

What is an example of cross breeding?

A

A change in grains characteristics to make them more suitable
Einkorn + Emmer = Durum

39
Q

What is an example of classical biotechnology?

A

Fermentation using biological materials such as cells and cell products to achive goals

40
Q

What is modern biotechnology?

A

It is mainly genetic engineering and manipulation of genetic material

41
Q

What are the three steps for genetic engineering?

A

Cut - using enzymes to snip out a gene
Copy - use PCR to produce more of it
Paste - insert the gene into bacteria

42
Q

What is recombined DNA?

A

DNA made up of DNA from multiple genomes

43
Q

What are GMOs?

A

Organisms that have DNA from more than one species

44
Q

What are transgenic species?

A

Are GMOs that can pass on their genome

45
Q

What is DNA splicing?

A

Cutting out the genes using restriction enzymes

46
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

Molecular scissors snipping DNA into smaller parts

47
Q

What is used to recombine DNA?

A

DNA ligase enzyme is used to join DNA pieces together

48
Q

How does DNA profiling work?

A

Amplification of short tandem repeats, STRs and then comparing the base sequences to determine relatedness

49
Q

What are three examples of agricultural biotechnology?

A

Artificial insemination and pollination, in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer and cloning

50
Q

What are the advantages of agricultural biotechnology?

A

Increased yield, quality and nutrients in food

51
Q

What are the negatives of agricultural biotechnology?

A

Loss of genetic diversity and fair and equitable sharing of resources

52
Q

What is conservation biotechnology?

A

Artificial insemination used for conservation in the wild and zoos

53
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Is the injection of normal genes into individuals who are lacking this gene

54
Q

What are the benefits of in vitro fertilisation?

A

Allows infertile parents to have children and eliminates the risk of children being born with inherited genetic diseases

55
Q

What is bioethics?

A

The study and investigation of decisions in medicine and science

56
Q

What do bioethicists do?

A

They compare risks and benefits of things against the potential consequences of not using it

56
Q

What must bioethics take into consideration?

A

Beliefs, values and culture

56
Q

What is CRISPER?

A

An enzyme with the role to chop up DNA of invading viruses

56
Q

Why is the discovery of CRISPER so important?

A

Genes can now be spliced and inserted with pinpoint accuracy

57
Q

How does biotechnology impact biodiversity?

A

In the short term increases biodiversity with new alleles and in the long term decreases biodiversity

57
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Mating male and female with desirable characteristics

58
Q

What are the positives of selective breeding?

A

Offspring are fertile

59
Q

What are the negatives of selective breeding?

A

Time consuming and costly

60
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

Collecting of sperm from chosen males and artificially introducing it to the female

61
Q

What are the positives of artificial insemination?

A

Sperm can be stored frozen for a long time, it is cost effective, reduces risk of injury and offspring can still be produced many years later

62
Q

What is a negative of artificial insemination?

A

Reduction of genetic diversity

63
Q

What are the negatives of IVF?

A

Genetic diversity is reduced, genes of infertility can now be passed on

64
Q

What is artificial pollination?

A

The stamen is removed and pollen is dusted onto the stigma

65
Q

What is gene cloning?

A

When a gene is removed and inserted into the DNA of another organism

66
Q

What are the four steps to gene cloning?

A
  1. Gene is cut from source restriction enzymes
  2. Gene is pasted into vector DNA or plasmid known as ligase
  3. Plasmid is introduced to host cell by transformation
  4. Host cell now makes copies of the vector DNA
67
Q

How many attempts did it take to make dolly?

A

Around 280

68
Q

What is an example of whole organism cloning that is used worldwide?

A

Seedless grapes

69
Q

What is required for whole organism cloning?

A

Three animals:
- Nucleus doner
- Egg doner
- Surrogate mother

70
Q

What are the ethical issues of whole organism cloning?

A

Animal welfare and that this technique could be used on humans

71
Q

What is micro injection of DNA?

A

When DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of a single cell

72
Q

What is biolistics?

A

Mechanically delivering DNA into cells by using a gene gun

73
Q

What is transduction?

A

The delivery of DNA into a cell via a viral vector

74
Q

What are BT cotton plants?

A

Cotton which contain a gene that produces a protein that kills caterpillars when ingested

75
Q

Why is it called BT?

A

As it comes from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis

76
Q

Why is BT cotton beneficial?

A

As caterpillars destroy millions of dollars worth of cotton each year and it reduces the need for pesticides

77
Q

What are GM salmon?

A

Salmon that are genetically modified to grow faster and larger increasing yield

78
Q

How are gametes with chromosomal mutation formed?

A

Meiosis
Failure of homologous chromosomes separating, an extra chromosome being left in one gamete and a chromosome missing from one gamete

79
Q

What is the ligation of DNA?

A

The joining of 2 DNA molecules by the enzyme, DNA ligase

80
Q

What is a possible outcome of artificial pollination on subsequent populations?

A

Improved plant production of fruit and seeds

81
Q

When is artificial pollination usually used?

A

When there is a lack of pollinating insects due to wide spread use of insecticides or as the plants are grown in glasshouses

Biology - Year 12 (4 decks)

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