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SLE111 Cells And Genes > Module 7: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Module 7: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of metabolic pathways that convert glucose into ATP.

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2
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

A combination of:
1. Oxidation reactions. Takes away an electron.
2. Reduction reactions. Gains an electron.

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3
Q

What is NAD?

A

An electron carrier derived from vitamin B. Easily oxidised or reduced.

NAD+ is the oxidised form (less electrons).
NADH is the reduced form (added 2 electrons and a proton).

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4
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide.

vitamin B, which NAD is derived from, is also known as B3 or niacin

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5
Q

What is the reduction equation for NAD+?

A

RH + (NAD+) → NADH + R

Where RH is reducing agent.
And R is oxidised.

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6
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

A compound that reduces (gives electrons to) another compound.

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7
Q

What is FAD+?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Derived from vitamin B2, riboflavin.
Its reduced form is FADH2.

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8
Q

What is NADP?

A

A second variation of NAD, containing an extra phosphate group.

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9
Q

Why can’t living cells store significantly amounts of free energy?

A

Excess free energy would increase heat in the cell, resulting in excess thermal motion that could damage and destroy the cell.

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10
Q

What is ribose?

A

A five-carbon sugar found in RNA.

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11
Q

What is the order of creation of ATP?

A

AMP + 1 phosphate group → ADP + 1 phosphate group → ATP

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12
Q

What is AMP?

A

Adenosine monophosphate.
Composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group.

AMP is one of the nucleotides in RNA.

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13
Q

What is dephosphorylation?

A

The removal of a phosphate group/s by hydrolysis.
Releases energy.

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14
Q

What is the standard chemical equation of hydrolysis?

A

AB + H2O → AH + BOH

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15
Q

How is water affected by hydrolysis of ATP?

A

Water is broken down into a hydrogen atom (H+) and a hydroxyl group (OH-), which is added to a larger molecule.
Water is reformed when the third phosphate is added to ADP, forming ATP.

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16
Q

What are the 2 methods of phosphorylation?

A
  1. Substrate phosphorylation. A phosphate group connected to other molecule transfers to ADP to form ATP.
  2. Oxidate phosphorylation/chemiomosis. Occurs in the mitochondria (eukaryotic) or in the plasma membrane (prokaryotic).
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17
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The first step of cellular respiration.
Converts glucose into pyruvate.
Anaerobic.

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18
Q

What are the 3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis.
  2. Krebs Cycle/citric acid cycle.
  3. Electron Transport Chain
19
Q

How does glucose enter heterotophic cells?

A
  1. Through active secondary transport against the glucose concentration gradient.
  2. Through a group of integral protein transporters called GLUT proteins.
20
Q

What is the net production from 1 glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate molecules.
2 NADH.
2 ATP.

21
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

The conjugate base of pyruvic acid.
Three carbon molecules composed of a ketone functional group and a carboxyl group.
C3H3O3.

22
Q

Where does glucolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol of the cell.

23
Q

What do the first 5 steps of glycolysis do?

A

The preparation phase.
Converts a 6-carbon sugar (glucose) into two 3-carbon sugars (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

ATP is consumed in the 1st and 3rd steps. Both these reactions are irreversible.

24
Q

What do the last 5 steps of glycolysis do?

A

The Pay-Off Phase.
Produces energy.
In steps 7 and 10, 1 ATP is made per glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Step 7 is reversible, step 10 is not.

25
Q

How many steps are in glycolysis?

A

10 steps.

26
Q

What is the total production of ATP and NADH in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH.
Because 2 ATP are used in glycolysis, the net total is:
2 ATP and 2 NADH.

27
Q

When is NADH formed in glycolysis?

A

In the 6th step, by an enzyme called dehydrogenase.

28
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are produced through glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate molecules.

29
Q

How is pyruvate changed during pyrvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate → acetyl CoA
This occurs in the mitochondria.

30
Q

What are the steps of pyruvate oxidation?

A
  1. Carboxyl group removed from pyrvate, releasing CO2. This creates a 2 carbon hydroxyethyl group bound to the enzyme (pyruvate dehydrogenase).
  2. The hydroxyethyl group is oxidised to an acetyl group and the electrons picked up by NAD+, forming NADH.
  3. The enzyme-bound acetyl group is transferred to CoA, producing a molecule of acetyl CoA.
31
Q

What is CoA?

A

Coenzyme A.
A carrier compound derived from vitamin B5.

32
Q

What happens to acetyl CoA in the first step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA → Citrate

It loses its acetyl group (2 Carbons) to a 4-carbon molecule, oxaloaceate, to form citrate.

33
Q

What is citrate?

A

A 6-carbon molecule with 3 carboxyl groups.

34
Q

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2→ 6CO2+ 6H2O + ATP
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

35
Q

How is the citric acid cycle different from the linear glycolysis?

A

The citric acid cycle is a closed loop.
The last part of the pathway regenerates the compound used in the first step.

36
Q

What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?

A

Per 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate):
4 carbon dioxide.
2 ATP
6 NADH.
2 FADH2.

37
Q

What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?

A

Per 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate):
2 Acetyl CoA
2 Oxaloacetate

38
Q

What are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

Per 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate)

2 acetyl CoA
2 Carbon Dioxide
2 NADH

39
Q

What is the chemical transformation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate → Succinate → Oxaloacetate

40
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons to form a hydrogen ion gradient.

41
Q

What are the structures in the electron transport chain?

A

Complex I
Complex II
Q - ubiquinone B
Complex III
Complex IV
ATP Synthase

42
Q

How is ATP generated using ATP synthase?

A
  1. H+ ions flow down their electrochemical gradient into ATP synthase.
  2. These H+ ions turn the rotors of the ATP synthase.
  3. ATP synthase facilitates the addition of a phosphate to ADP, forming ATP, using this energy.
  4. The hydrogen ions are accepted by oxygen, forming water as an end product.
43
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen.

SLE111 Cells And Genes (17 decks)

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