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NASM > module 7 > Flashcards

module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

human movement system

A

combination of interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

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2
Q

nervous system

A

communication network within the human body

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3
Q

sensory function

A

ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

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4
Q

integrative function

A

ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce the appropriate response

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5
Q

motor function

A

neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation

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6
Q

proprioception

A

cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement

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7
Q

neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

interneurons

A

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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10
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

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11
Q

central nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

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14
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

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15
Q

muscle spindles

A

mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

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16
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

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17
Q

joint receptors

A

mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

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18
Q

skeletal system

A

body’s framework; composed of bones and joints

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19
Q

bones

A

structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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20
Q

joints

A

junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur

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21
Q

axial skeleton

A

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

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22
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

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23
Q

remodeling

A

process of resorption and formation on bone

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24
Q

osteoclasts

A

type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption)

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25
Q

osteoblasts

A

type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

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26
Q

epiphysis

A

end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth

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27
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft portion of a long bone

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28
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate

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29
Q

periosteum

A

dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surface in joints

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30
Q

medullar cavity

A

central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

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31
Q

articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones

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32
Q

depressions

A

flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites

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33
Q

processes

A

projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

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34
Q

vertebral column

A

a series of irregular shaped boned called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

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35
Q

arthrokinematics

A

joint motion

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36
Q

synovial joints

A

joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments that are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints

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37
Q

non-synovial joints

A

joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage

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38
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

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39
Q

muscular system

A

series of muscles that move the skeleton

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40
Q

epimysium

A

a layer of connective tissue that is underneath a fascia and surrounds the muscle

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41
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

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42
Q

endomysium

A

deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

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43
Q

tendons

A

connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

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44
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments

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45
Q

neural activation

A

contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

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46
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it connects to

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47
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

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48
Q

cardiorespiratory system

A

system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory system

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49
Q

cardiovascular system

A

system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

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50
Q

heart

A

hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction

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51
Q

mediastinum

A

space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs

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52
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

specialized area of cardiacs tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker of the heart

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53
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart; that receives heart beat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles

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54
Q

atrium

A

the superior chambers of the heart the receive blood from the veins and force it into the ventricles

55
Q

ventricle

A

inferior chambers of the heart the receive blood fro the corresponding atrium and force it into the arteries

56
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

57
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

rate at which the heart pumps; measured in beats per minute (bpm)

58
Q

cardiac output (Q)

A

heart rate x stroke volume; the overall performance of the heart

59
Q

blood

A

fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also rids the body of waste products

60
Q

blood vessels

A

network of hollow tubes that circulate blood throughout the body

61
Q

arteries

A

vessels that transport blood away from the heart

62
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and body tissues

63
Q

veins

A

vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart

64
Q

arterioles

A

small terminal branches of the artery which end in capillaries

65
Q

venules

A

smaller veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins

66
Q

respiratory system

A

system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collect oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream

67
Q

respiratory pump

A

composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration

68
Q

inspiration

A

process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the boy

69
Q

expiration

A

process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body

70
Q

diffusion

A

process of getting oxygen form the environment to the tissues of the body

71
Q

maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

A

highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion

72
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of energy in the human body

73
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and discoed of by the body

74
Q

exercise metabolism

A

examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiological changes and demands placed on the body during exercise

75
Q

substrates

A

material or substance on which an enzyme acts

76
Q

carbohydrates

A

organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All carbs are eventually broken down in to the body to glucose, a simple sugar

77
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbs, fat and to a lesser extent protein; it serves as the body’s main source of fuel

78
Q

glycogen

A

complex carb molecule used to store carbs in the liver and muscle cells. when energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells

79
Q

fat

A

one of the 3 main classes of foods and sources of energy in the body. helps the body sue some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. serve as energy stores for the body. in food, there are two types, saturated and unsaturated

80
Q

triglycerides

A

chemical, or substrate, form in which most fats exist in food as well as in the body

81
Q

protein

A

amino acids linked by peptide bonds which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biological compounds

82
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose from non-carb sources such as amino acids

83
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body

84
Q

adenosine diphosphate

A

high energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed

85
Q

B-oxidation

A

B(beta)- breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits, called free fatty acids (FFAs), to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP

86
Q

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise

87
Q

biomechanics

A

science conceded with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

88
Q

superior

A

positioned above a point of reference

89
Q

interior

A

positioned below a point of reference

90
Q

proximal

A

positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference

91
Q

distal

A

positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference

92
Q

anterior

A

on the front of the body

93
Q

posterior

A

on the back of the body

94
Q

medial

A

positioned near the middle of the body

95
Q

lateral

A

positioned toward the outside of the body

96
Q

contralateral

A

positioned on the opposite side of the body

97
Q

ipsilateral

A

positioned on the same side of the body

98
Q

anatomic position

A

the position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. it is the base for all anatomic terminology

99
Q

sagittal plane

A

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

100
Q

flexion

A

bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

101
Q

extension

A

straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

102
Q

hyperextension

A

extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

103
Q

frontal plane

A

imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

104
Q

abduction

A

movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

105
Q

adduction

A

movement of the frontal plane toward the midline of the body

106
Q

transverse plane

A

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

107
Q

internal rotation

A

rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

108
Q

external rotation

A

rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

109
Q

horizontal abduction

A

movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

110
Q

horizontal adduction

A

movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane form the lateral position to an anterior one

111
Q

scapular retraction

A

adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline

112
Q

scapular protraction

A

abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline

113
Q

scapular depression

A

downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae

114
Q

scapular elevation

A

upward (superior) movement of the scapulae

115
Q

eccentric muscle action

A

when a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force

116
Q

concentric muscle action

A

when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

117
Q

isometric muscle action

A

when a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length

118
Q

isokinetic muscle action

A

when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

119
Q

force

A

an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

120
Q

length-tension relationship

A

resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

121
Q

force-couple

A

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

122
Q

rotary motion

A

movement of the bones around the joints

123
Q

torque

A

a force that produces rotation. common unit of torque is the newton-meter, or Nm

124
Q

motor behavior

A

motor response to internal and external stimuli

125
Q

motor control

A

how the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

126
Q

motor learning

A

integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

127
Q

motor development

A

the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

128
Q

muscle synergies

A

groups of muscles are recruited by the CNS to provide movement

129
Q

proprioception

A

cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement

130
Q

sensorimotor integration

A

cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

131
Q

feedback

A

the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

132
Q

internal feedback

A

process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

133
Q

external feedback

A

information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment

NASM (7 decks)

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