Module 7

Question 1

Complete the table describing the respiratory functions of each of the following organs:

Answer 1

Question 2

Fill in the following table

Answer 2

Question 3

What are the structures in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 3

Nose, pharynx, paranasal sinuses

Question 4

What function do hairs have in the nose?

Answer 4

Filtering

Question 5

Beyond the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined by two types of mucosa. These are the , lining the superior part of the cavity and containing receptors and the mucosa, which lines the rest of the cavity. The latter consists of epithelium with mucous-secreting goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria rich in mucous and serous glands.

Answer 5

Beyond the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined by two types of mucosa. These are the olfactory mucosa, lining the superior part of the cavity and containing olfactory receptors and the respiratory mucosa, which lines the rest of the cavity. The latter consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous-secreting goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria rich in mucous and serous glands.

Question 6

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities lined with respiratory mucosa, inside bones that surround the nasal cavity. What is their likely function?

Answer 6

Lighten skull, aid in the warming & moistening of air, produce mucous

Question 7

Which of the skull bones contain the major paranasal sinuses (there are only four)? Name them: (look at the x-ray images).

Answer 7

Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus

Question 8

Fill in the following diagram

Answer 8

Question 9

Fill in the following diagram

Answer 9

Question 10

What is the function of structure #2?

Answer 10

Prevents food from entering the larynx/trachea

Question 11

Where do you find the GLOTTIS?

Answer 11

Opening between the vocal cords

Question 12

Look at the midsagittal specimen of the larynx and distinguish between the true & false vocal cords. a. What is the function of the FALSE vocal cords?

Answer 12

Help close glottis when swallowing

Question 13

What is the function of the TRUE vocal cords?

Answer 13

Vibrate and produce sounds

Question 14

Concerning voice production, a. How is the pitch of the voice altered?

Answer 14

By altering the length and tension of vocal cords

Question 15

Look at the working model, which laryngeal cartilages are concerned with achieving this?

Answer 15

Arytenoid cartilage

Question 16

What shape are the tracheal cartilages?

Answer 16

C-shaped

Question 17

What type of cartilage are they?

Answer 17

Hyaline

Question 18

What is the tube-like structure located directly behind the trachea?

Answer 18

Oesophagus

Question 19

Where the trachea divides into the two primary bronchi, find the Y-shaped cartilage. What is it called?

Answer 19

Carina

Question 20

At this position, the tracheal epithelium is very sensitive to mechanical touch? If touched, what reflex does it evoke?

Answer 20

Cough reflex.

Question 21

) In which body cavity do the lungs lie?

Answer 21

thoracic cavity, ventral cavity

Question 22

What membrane is found covering the external surface of the lung?

Answer 22

Visceral Pleura

Question 23

Where do you find the parietal pleura?

Answer 23

Lining the inside of the thoracic wall

Question 24

Name the fluid secreted by these membranes.

Answer 24

Serous / pleural fluid

Question 25

What is its function?

Answer 25

Lubricates wall allowing lungs to hold onto and glide over wall during breathing

Question 26

The hilum of the lung can be found on which surface of the lung?

Answer 26

medial

Question 27

Examine the lung hilum and list the structures which enter/exit at this point.

Answer 27

Pulmonary arteries, primary/secondary bronchi, veins, lymphatics & nerves, bronchial a & v

Question 28

Examine the lungs and the cavity in which the lungs lie. Note that the internal wall of the cavity is covered in a smooth membrane called parietal pleura. Where is the visceral pleura?

Answer 28

Surrounding the lung

Question 29

When the muscles of inspiration contract, they cause the expansion (increase in volume) of the thoracic cavity. How is this expansion of the chest wall transmitted to the lungs? Between the two pleura is a potential space, the , which contains a small amount of . As well as providing a environment for lung expansion/contraction, forces between the two pleura ensure that by the chest wall during is directly transmitted to the lungs, which also expand outward, thus reducing pressure to draw air into the lungs.

Answer 29

Between the two pleura is a potential space, the pleural cavity , which contains a small amount of pleural fluid . As well as providing a closed environment for lung expansion/contraction, cohesive forces between the two pleura ensure that expansion by the chest wall during inspiration is directly transmitted to the lungs, which also expand outward, thus reducing intrapulmonary pressure to draw air into the lungs.

Question 30

What happens to the diaphragm (i.e. moves up or down) during: Inspiration?Expiration?

Answer 30

Move downwards, Move upwards

Question 31

Fill in

Answer 31

Question 32

Which respiratory muscles are used for: Quiet Inspiration? Quiet Expiration? Forced Inspiration? Forced Expiration?

Answer 32

Diaphragm and external intercostals None Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec minor Internal intercostals, abdominals

Question 33

What is the average tidal volume (TV) for a normal individual?

Answer 33

500 ml

Question 34

How much of the TV gets to the respiratory exchange surfaces in the lungs?

Answer 34

350 ml (70%)

Question 35

What happens to the remainder of the volume?

Answer 35

Taken up by the volume of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea & non-respiratory airways

Question 36

What is this non-respiratory volume collectively called?

Answer 36

Anatomical dead space

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What is the main reason for using dynamic lung measurements?

Answer 38

Gives information about the RATE OF FLOW of air movement

Question 39

Males generally have a larger vital capacity than females for a given age and height. Why? Caused by?

Answer 39

Greater dimensions in body size especially chest size Testosterone

Question 40

If there was a significant difference (\>5%) between your measurement and that derived from the nomogram; how do you think this could have occurred?

Answer 40

Subject may not be compatible with the nomogram data. The best reference set to use is one that is comprised of subjects who are similar to your patient (local sets are best, but not always available).

Question 41

How are nomograms constructed? You may need to look this up on the internet.

Answer 41

Respiratory and morphometric parameters are obtained from a large group of healthy individuals to provide a reference population. Ideally the participants should have healthy lungs in healthy bodies and not be smokers. Mathematical equations are created from the data to construct nomograms to predict respiratory values from morphometric data.

Question 42

What factors would you take into consideration if you were asked to construct a nomogram for respiratory values based upon the Curtin student population?

Answer 42

Ethnic group; age; gender; body size; ± smokers. Other factors to consider would be environmental (altitude, climate, air pollution, smoking history); biological (nutritional status, fitness, absence of disease) and technical (measurement protocol, equipment used & calibration).

Question 43

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive when the body is at rest?

Answer 43

20 - 25% (1.0 - 1.25 litres blood min-1 )