Module 7 Flashcards
Complete the table describing the respiratory functions of each of the following organs:
Fill in the following table
What are the structures in the upper respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, paranasal sinuses
What function do hairs have in the nose?
Filtering
Beyond the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined by two types of mucosa. These are the , lining the superior part of the cavity and containing receptors and the mucosa, which lines the rest of the cavity. The latter consists of epithelium with mucous-secreting goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria rich in mucous and serous glands.
Beyond the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined by two types of mucosa. These are the olfactory mucosa, lining the superior part of the cavity and containing olfactory receptors and the respiratory mucosa, which lines the rest of the cavity. The latter consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous-secreting goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria rich in mucous and serous glands.
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities lined with respiratory mucosa, inside bones that surround the nasal cavity. What is their likely function?
Lighten skull, aid in the warming & moistening of air, produce mucous
Which of the skull bones contain the major paranasal sinuses (there are only four)? Name them: (look at the x-ray images).
Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus
Fill in the following diagram
Fill in the following diagram
What is the function of structure #2?
Prevents food from entering the larynx/trachea
Where do you find the GLOTTIS?
Opening between the vocal cords
Look at the midsagittal specimen of the larynx and distinguish between the true & false vocal cords. a. What is the function of the FALSE vocal cords?
Help close glottis when swallowing
What is the function of the TRUE vocal cords?
Vibrate and produce sounds
Concerning voice production, a. How is the pitch of the voice altered?
By altering the length and tension of vocal cords
Look at the working model, which laryngeal cartilages are concerned with achieving this?
Arytenoid cartilage
What shape are the tracheal cartilages?
C-shaped
What type of cartilage are they?
Hyaline
What is the tube-like structure located directly behind the trachea?
Oesophagus
Where the trachea divides into the two primary bronchi, find the Y-shaped cartilage. What is it called?
Carina
At this position, the tracheal epithelium is very sensitive to mechanical touch? If touched, what reflex does it evoke?
Cough reflex.
) In which body cavity do the lungs lie?
thoracic cavity, ventral cavity
What membrane is found covering the external surface of the lung?
Visceral Pleura
Where do you find the parietal pleura?
Lining the inside of the thoracic wall
Name the fluid secreted by these membranes.
Serous / pleural fluid
What is its function?
Lubricates wall allowing lungs to hold onto and glide over wall during breathing
The hilum of the lung can be found on which surface of the lung?
medial
Examine the lung hilum and list the structures which enter/exit at this point.
Pulmonary arteries, primary/secondary bronchi, veins, lymphatics & nerves, bronchial a & v
Examine the lungs and the cavity in which the lungs lie. Note that the internal wall of the cavity is covered in a smooth membrane called parietal pleura. Where is the visceral pleura?
Surrounding the lung
When the muscles of inspiration contract, they cause the expansion (increase in volume) of the thoracic cavity. How is this expansion of the chest wall transmitted to the lungs?
Between the two pleura is a potential space, the , which contains a small amount of . As well as providing a environment for lung expansion/contraction, forces between the two pleura ensure that by the chest wall during is directly transmitted to the lungs, which also expand outward, thus reducing pressure to draw air into the lungs.
Between the two pleura is a potential space, the pleural cavity , which contains a small amount of pleural fluid . As well as providing a closed environment for lung expansion/contraction, cohesive forces between the two pleura ensure that expansion by the chest wall during inspiration is directly transmitted to the lungs, which also expand outward, thus reducing intrapulmonary pressure to draw air into the lungs.
What happens to the diaphragm (i.e. moves up or down) during: Inspiration?Expiration?
Move downwards, Move upwards
Fill in
Which respiratory muscles are used for:
Quiet Inspiration?
Quiet Expiration?
Forced Inspiration?
Forced Expiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
None
Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec minor
Internal intercostals, abdominals
What is the average tidal volume (TV) for a normal individual?
500 ml
How much of the TV gets to the respiratory exchange surfaces in the lungs?
350 ml (70%)
What happens to the remainder of the volume?
Taken up by the volume of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea & non-respiratory airways
What is this non-respiratory volume collectively called?
Anatomical dead space
What is the main reason for using dynamic lung measurements?
Gives information about the RATE OF FLOW of air movement
Males generally have a larger vital capacity than females for a given age and height.
Why?
Caused by?
Greater dimensions in body size especially chest size
Testosterone
If there was a significant difference (>5%) between your measurement and that derived from the nomogram; how do you think this could have occurred?
Subject may not be compatible with the nomogram data. The best reference set to use is one that is comprised of subjects who are similar to your patient (local sets are best, but not always available).
How are nomograms constructed? You may need to look this up on the internet.
Respiratory and morphometric parameters are obtained from a large group of healthy individuals to provide a reference population. Ideally the participants should have healthy lungs in healthy bodies and not be smokers. Mathematical equations are created from the data to construct nomograms to predict respiratory values from morphometric data.
What factors would you take into consideration if you were asked to construct a nomogram for respiratory values based upon the Curtin student population?
Ethnic group; age; gender; body size; ± smokers. Other factors to consider would be environmental (altitude, climate, air pollution, smoking history); biological (nutritional status, fitness, absence of disease) and technical (measurement protocol, equipment used & calibration).
What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive when the body is at rest?
20 - 25% (1.0 - 1.25 litres blood min-1 )
