Module 12 Flashcards by Ainsleigh Powell

Where is gonadotrophin-RH secreted from and where does it exert its action?

Hypothalamus/Anterior pituitary gland

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Where is follicle stimulating hormone secreted from and where does it exert its action?

Anterior pituitary gland Ovary-follicles

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Where is luteinising hormone secreted from and where does it exert its action?

Anterior pituitary gland Ovary-follicles

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Where is estrogen secreted from and where does it exert its action?

Ovary: Granulosa cells Uterus: Proliferative Phase Female 2nd sexual charasteristics

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Where is progesterone secreted from and where does it exert its action?

Ovary: corpus luteum Uterus: secretory phase

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What happens in the ovary during Days 1-13?

FSH stimulates the follicles to mature

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What happens in the ovary at Day 14?

Graafian follicle ruptures to release ovum (egg)

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What happens in the ovary during Days 15-28?

Corpus luteum develops from remaining granulosa cells

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Why is FSH secretion higher in the first half of the cycle than in the second?

FSH is stimulating the follicle to grow/develop/mature

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What is the significance of the peak in LH secretion on Day 13?

It will cause ovulation

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What happens in the uterus during Days 1-5?

menses

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What happens in the uterus at Days 5-14?

Endometrium re-builds itself; proliferative phase

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Which hormone is mainly responsible for the events described above?

Estrogen

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What happens in the uterus during Days 14-28?

Uterus prepares to receive the fertilised egg; secretory phase.

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Why do levels of estrogen and progesterone decline after 28 days?

Corpus luteum degenerates

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What event does this trigger in the uterus?

Menses

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What event could prevent this from happening?

Fertilisation of the egg

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What are the three components of the female external genitalia?

Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

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What are the seven components of the female reproductive system?

Ovary, uterine tube (oviduct), uterus, cervix, vagina, urethra, fimbriae

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Label the following diagram:

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In the area known as the vestibule, which opening is more anterior, the vagina or urethra?

urethra

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Name the structure that is located at the anterior margin of the vestibule

Clitoris

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What kind of epithelium lines the wall of the vagin?

Non-keratinised stratified squamous

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Vaginal walls release large amounts of glycogen, how does this aid the health of the vagina?

Theglycogen is metabolised by local bacteria, producing lactic acid and decreasing pH, making it toxic to foreign pathogens

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What are the three segments of the uterine tube?

Ampulla, infundibulum, isthmus

What are the three layers of the uterus?

endomterium, myometrium, perimetrium

What are the associated ligaments of the frs?

broad ligament, suspensory ligament, ovarian ligament

Label the following diagram

What role do the fimbriae of the uterine tubes play in ovoluation?

Stroke developing follicle, increasing fluid movement into the fallipian tube (act like a vacuum to suck egg in)

What tupe of epithelium lines the uterine tubes?

Simple ciliated columnar

Unlike spermatozoa, the oocyte cannot propel itself, how is it able to make its way along the tube?

The beating action of the cilia of the epithelium lining the walls

The suspensory ligament attaches the ovary; what is the main function of this ligament?

Ovarian arteries, veins and nerves enter the ovary via this ligament

What is the name of the white fibrous layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of the ovary (hint: it has the same name as the white fibrous layer around the testes)?

Tunica albuginea

What structures are contained within the region of the ovarian cortex?

ovarian follicles

Label the following diagram

Name the structure that attaches the breast tissue to the underlying muscle?

Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments

What is the name for the secretory sacs that are located deep within the breast tissue?

Alveoli

Which anterior pituitary hormone in responsible for the initiation of milk production?

prolactin

Which posterior pituitary hormone is released when a suckling infant stimulates the breast?

oxytocin

There is an initial delay after birth before true milk production begins; until this time a product called colostrum is produced. What is the difference between colostrum and milk?

Colostrum is a yellowish fluid which is high in protein, has less lactose than milk andm almost no fat, it is rich in antibodies.

Name the type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) by which oogonia replicate/proliferate.

mitosis

In which stage of meiosis are the primary oocytes at birth?

Halted in Meiosis 1 (it hasn't completed the 1st meiotic division)

Approximately how many oocytes does a woman have at birth?

2 million

At which point during the ovarian cycle, is the first meiotic division completed?

End of Follicular phase, just before ovulation

What type of oocyte (primary/secondary) is ovulated from the mature follicle; what stage of meiosis is it in?

Secondary oocyte, halted during Meiosis II

When is the second meiotic division completed?

Fertilisation

What is the difference between a secondary and a mature (Graafian) follicle?

Secondary has isolated vesicles (pools) of fluid, mature pools have coalesced into one antrum

What is the zona pellucida and what does it do?

Thick glycoprotein membrane surrounding oocyte with receptors for attachment of acrosome

What hormone do the granulosa (follicular) cells secrete?

Oestrogen

Which hormones do cells of the corpus luteum produce?

Progesterone and oestrogen

What is the function of these hormones?

Oestrogen: uterine proliferation, follicle development Progesterone: uterine secretion, pregnancy maintenance

Which of the layers of the uterine wall is considered to be the uterine lining?

endometrium

Name the components of the uterine lining

Stratum basalis and stratum functionalis, which alters depending on the day of the cycle

Which hormones influence the uterine lining to proliferate?

Oestrogen

What is the role of the spiral arteries?

Supply blood to stratum functionalis

What is the role of the tubular uterine glands?

Secrete a fluid rich in glycogen

How does the proliferative phase differ from the secretoryphase of the endometrium?

Thickening of basal and functional layers due to a hypertrophy of endometrial cells, glands become more numerous and spiral

What is the trigger for menstruation to begin?

Decline in progesterone and oestrogen levels

Which layer of the endometrium is shed during the menstrual phase?

Stratum functionalis

From which endometrial layer is the layer identified in “4” above, rebuilt?

Stratum basalis

What initially causes the events identified in “3” above?

Corpus luteum is degenerating

What else in the female reproductive cycle might the “trigger for menstruation” be responsible for (Hint: Think about what has to happen to start the next cycle)?

Declining progesterone & oestrogen levels cause the release of GnRH→ ↑FSH & LH → next batch of follicles being switched on to mature (next cycle)

Name two effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

Follicle development and oestrogen secretion from follicle (granulosa) cells

Describe the pre-ovulatory role of oestrogen in positive feedback.

effect on hypothalamus & anterior pituitary to cause surge in FSH & LH

Name three effects of luteinising hormone (LH).

Maturation of follicle with increased oestrogen secretion; causes ovulation and corpus luteum formation

What hormone released by the ovary exerts a negative feedback effect on the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion?

Inhibin

Why does the ovary release this hormone?

To signal the anterior pituitary gland that sufficient follicles have developed in this cycle.

Given that the COCP contains both oestrogen and progesterone, how would the COCP affect FSH and LH levels in the blood?

Decreases both due to negative feedback

How would the changes described above affect folliculogenesis (follicle development) and ovulation?

No LH surge = no ovulation. Decreased FSH = decreased follicle recruitment.

What structure in the ovary normally produces both progesterone and oestrogen? Is this structure present in a patient taking the COCP?

Corpus luteum. No

At the end of a COCP packet there are usually 7 inactive pills, containing sugar. What purpose do these serve?

Withdrawal of oestrogen and progesterone leads to menses. These pills also assist the user to maintain a routine of usage.

One of the effects of the COCP is to thicken the cervical mucus. Would this assist in preventing conception?

Yes, sperm must pass through the cervical canal to enter. If this is blocked with a thick mucus they are unable to pass through.

How will the “morning after” pill affect the endometrial lining (use your knowledge of the ovarian cycle)?

Causes it to shed with a massive dose of oestrogen, which negatively feeds back lowering blood levels of FSH and LH which in turn reduces estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum. This mimics the rapid decline in these hormones that normally triggers menstruation