Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

arch 101 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Mortuary variability

A

Different dimensions of human burials (or burial populations) that can be studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cultural modification

A

Changes to the human skeleton brought about by cultural behaviour, whether intentional or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

skeletal articulation

A

Refers to skeletal remains that are still in anatomical position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Post-mortem skeletal modification

A

Changes to the skeleton that occur after death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mortuary facility

A

Area where human remains are interred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inhumation

A

Burial of the deceased in the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Grave inclusions or grave goods

A

Items deliberately buried with the deceased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Age of incorporation

A

Age at which someone becomes a “person” within their society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pueblo II Culture

A

Archaeologically defined culture phase in the northern American southwest, characterized by black-on-white pottery and multi-room pueblo structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon

A

Large pueblo site in NW New Mexico

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hereditary leaders

A

People who are leaders because they are born into that position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Moche Culture

A

Archaeologically defined culture in Peru, characterized by elaborate ceramics, including fine-line painted vessels and mold-made vessels (including pornographic designs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lord of Sipán

A

Burial of elite individual of the Moche culture, believed to be a ruler due to the inclusions in the burial; one of the most elaborate burials ever discovered in the Americas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

burial communication

A

Idea that a human burial informs about the social position of the person buried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Grave Inclusion

A

Items deliberately buried with the deceased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Status

A

A person of higher status participates in a wider network of obligations than a person of lower status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Network of Obligations

A

Social duties required of a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social inequality

A

Assumes that status is rank ordered, with arbitrary divisions in the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social heterogeneity

A

Positions within society that are inherently unordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

socioeconomic status

A

Position in society based upon access to social resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Relative status

A

Status differences that are not measured in absolute terms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social Interaction

A

Social interaction can be exchanged for other resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Elite

A

Top level of status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stratification

A

Idea that there are multiple levels of social status (not just one or two)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

storage technology and status

A

Ability to store things, especially food, leads to creation of surplus; surplus items can be exchanged for status items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

emulation

A

Attempt to portray oneself as having the same access to scarce resources as elites, usually involving “counterfeit” goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Competitive display

A

Attempts to demonstrate high levels of social status through displays of wealth, such as destroying valuable items, providing massive amounts of food to the entire population, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Elite and prestige goods

A

Goods available only to certain members of society, often a physical demonstration of social position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Social status
vs
Social identity
vs
Social persona

A

Position of an individual within their society
vs
The role by which a person is perceived in their society
vs
The combination of roles a person has within their society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mortuary differentiation

A

Differences in burial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mortuary complexity

A

The degree of effort put into burying the dead, reflected in the degree of elaboration in their burial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Creating and perpetuating ideology

A

Espousing and reiterating ideas within a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Idealized social relationships

A

Social relationships presented as being proper or appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Legitimization

A

A social explanation for why certain people or groups have more social power than others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Paleopathology

A

Evidence for illness or trauma seen in the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Porotic hyperostosis

A

Result of anemia; bone of the skull takes on a spongey appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cribra orbitalia

A

Result of anemia; bone (normally in upper eye sockets) becomes porous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Paleodemography

A

Estimation of population size and structure for ancient society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Mortality profile

A

Age and sex distribution for a deceased population (such as a cemetery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hyoid

A

Free-floating bone in the throat; “Adam’s apple”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Harris lines

A

Lines of arrested growth in bone, typically the result of dietary or other forms of physiological stress during growth

42
Q

Enamel hypoplasias

A

Lines of arrested growth in tooth enamel, typically the result of dietary or other forms of physiological stress during growth

43
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Disorder where the cartilage between bones wears away, often resulting in boney spurs (eburnation)

44
Q

Dental caries

A

Dental cavities

45
Q

Bone collagen

A

Organic component of bone

46
Q

Stable isotopes

A

isotopes that are not radioactive and do not decay

47
Q

C3 plants

A

plants from a moderate temperature zone with a specific metabolic pathway: trees, shrubs, wheat

48
Q

C4 plants

A

Plants from a hot dry environment with a specific metabolic pathway: maize, tropical grasses

49
Q

C4 rich diet isotopic signature

A

Isotopic evidence of a diet rich in C4 plants

50
Q

Marrow extraction

A

Practice of removing bone marrow, typically by breaking bones open

51
Q

Pot polish

A

Distinctive pattern of wear observed on bones cooked in a pot

52
Q

Molecular archaeology

A

Use of genetic information in ancient human remains to reconstruct the past

53
Q

Nuclear DNA

A

Genetic material found in a cell’s nucleus, responsible for an individual’s inherited traits

54
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)

A

Genetic material found in the mitochondria of cells; inherited only from the mother

55
Q

Denisovan

A

Name given to hominin form (known primarily from DNA) first discovered in Denisova Cave; considered a “sister” group to Neanderthals

56
Q

Ancient DNA (aDNA)

A

DNA recovered from organic materials in archaeological sites

57
Q

Neandertals

A

Fossil species of hominins, generally considered to be “cousins” to modern humans

58
Q

Neandertal and modern human DNA similarities

A

Points where DNA converge between two hominin groups

59
Q

NISP

A

Number of Identified Specimens (sometimes Number of Identified Specimens Present): raw count of identifiable bone fragments

60
Q

MNI

A

Minimum Number of Individuals

61
Q

Grand Mean Total

A

Part of MNI calculation: number of paired elements, divided by 2, + unpaired bones

62
Q

Sexing

A

Attribution of the biological sex of a skeleton

63
Q

“Rule of thumb” in sex determination

A

Attributing biological sex to a skeleton based on the shape of the sciatic notch of the innominate

64
Q

Sciatic notch shape

A

Common diagnostic trait used to attribute the biological sex of a skeleton

65
Q

Race Determination

A

Attribution of human skeletal remains to a particular genetic group

66
Q

Epiphyseal fusion (union)

A

Normal, natural fusion of ends of a long bone (epiphyses) to the shaft (diaphysis)

67
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Cranium, vertebral column (including sacrum), and ribs (including sternum)

68
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Any part of the skeleton that is not axial

69
Q

Cranium

A

Skull, including the mandible (jaw)

70
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Large opening at the base of the skull permitting the spinal cord to connect to the brain

71
Q

Dental formula

A

Name given to number of each type of tooth in each quandrant of the mouth; in humans, 2-1-2-3

72
Q

Incisor teeth

A

2 central teeth in both upper and lower jaw

73
Q

Canine teeth

A

Single tooth in both upper and lower jaw

74
Q

Premolar teeth

A

2 teeth between canine and molars in both upper and lower jaw; aka bicuspids

75
Q

Molar teeth

A

3 chewing teeth in both upper and lower jaws; 3rd molar also known as “wisdom” tooth, not present in all people

76
Q

Vertebral column

A

Name given to all of the vertebrae; sometimes referred to as the “spinal column”

77
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

7 vertebrae of the neck; C1 known as Atlas; C2 known as Axis

78
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae where the ribs attach.

79
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae of the lower back

80
Q

Sacrum

A

5 naturally fused vertebrae; articulates with the innominates to form the pelvis

81
Q

Coxxyc vertebrae

A

“tail bone” vertebrae; numbers vary, but typically 3-5

82
Q

innominate

A

Name given to 3 naturally fused bones, forming a portion of the pelvis

83
Q

Ischium

A

One of three bones in the innominate; easiest to feel by sitting on a very hard surface, such as a concrete bench

84
Q

Pubis

A

One of three bones in the innominate; left and right pubic bones fuse together

85
Q

Ilium

A

One of three bones in the innominate; iliac crest can be felt just below the belt

86
Q

Acetabulum

A

Socket joint where head of femur articulates with innominate; at fusion point for all three bones of the innominate

87
Q

Femur

A

Upper leg bone or thigh bone

88
Q

Tibia

A

One of two lower leg bones (shin bone)

89
Q

Fibula

A

One of two lower leg bones; distal fibula often confused for the lateral “ankle”

90
Q

Scapula

A

“shoulder blade”, part of the pelvic girdle

91
Q

Clavicle

A

collar bone”

92
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone, part of the pelvic girdle

93
Q

Ulna

A

One of two lower arm bones (forearm); point of elbow is the unla

94
Q

Radius

A

One of two lower arm bones (forearm)

95
Q

Talus

A

“ankle” bone

96
Q

Calcaneus

A

“heel” bone

97
Q

Tarsals

A

Short bones of the feet

98
Q

Metatarsals

A

Long bones of the feet

99
Q

Pes phalanges

A

toes

100
Q

Carpals

A

8 small bones of the writs

101
Q

Metacarpals

A

Long bones of the hands

102
Q

Manus phalanges

A

fingers

arch 101 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions