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arch 101 > Module 10 Heritage Resource Management > Flashcards

Module 10 Heritage Resource Management Flashcards

1
Q

Who owns the past?

A

More of a rhetorical question, but in most cases governments own the past

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2
Q

Collective past

A

Idea that the past is of global interest and importance

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3
Q

Selective past

A

Idea that most people are only interested in certain aspects of the past

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4
Q

Stakeholders

A

Any and all people who have a concern in heritage; includes descent communities, land owners, governments, developers, and a host of other parties

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5
Q

Government ownership of heritage

A

Near-universal situation where governments own the past

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6
Q

National heritage

A

Heritage proscribed by governments, often as a means of propaganda. Frequently a highly selective view of the past, ignoring events and cultures considered unimportant or embarrassing to the government

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7
Q

Cultural heritage

A

History and heritage of any particular cultural group, but typically refers to descendant communities

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8
Q

National Historic Preservation Act or 1966 (NHPA)

A

U.S. federal regulation that ultimately requires the investigation of archaeological (and other heritage) resources greater than 100 years of age prior to any kind of activity that could impact these resources, such as development.

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9
Q

California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)

A

California-specific law that requires investigation of archaeological (and other heritage) resources greater than 50 years of age prior to any kind of activity that could impact these resources, such as development

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10
Q

Heritage Conservation Act

A

British Columbia laws that protect archaeological sites and other heritage

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11
Q

Colonial past

A

Typically refers to recent (past ~500 years) period of European control over non-European parts of the world and this period of history; frequently emphasized in importance by colonial and post-colonial governments

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12
Q

Indigenous past

A

Refers to history of non-immigrant populations in former European (and other) colonies

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13
Q

Restricted access to the archaeological record

A

Refers to the fact that, in general, only professional archaeologists have easy access to the archaeological record, including documents, artifacts, and archaeological sites

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14
Q

Qualified researcher

A

Generally refers to individuals holding an advanced degree (MA or Ph.D.) although term “qualified” can vary by jurisdiction

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15
Q

Denial of access to descendant populations

A

Government or other bodies (including museum & university administrations) prevent descendant populations from having control over – or even access to – materials created by their own ancestors.

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16
Q

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act)

A

U.S. federal law that required the return of all human remains and associated artifacts from museum & university collections to appropriate descendant communities

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17
Q

Archaeological (Cultural / Heritage) resources as politics

A

Concept that archaeological resources and the way archaeologists approach these have political impacts. Example: only permitting professional archaeologists to have access to museum collections (in North America) means that descent communities – whose ancestors created the materials in these collections – cannot access them.

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18
Q

Identity politics

A

political formations typically aim to secure the political freedom of a specific constituency marginalized within its larger context

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19
Q

Managing culture to manage people

A

Idea that governmental control over the past is also a form of control over descendant communities, denying them access to materials but also prohibiting them from controlling what happens to cultural resources. Includes land claims, claims to resources, etc

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20
Q

Heritage Scope and Significance

A

Concept of moving away from heritage protection focusing on specific items or artifacts associated with well-known cultures and expanding coverage to heritage of concern to many different groups

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21
Q

Human Rights and Heritage

A

Idea that the ability to participate in ones own traditional culture is a global human right

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22
Q

Archaeological and Landscape Heritage

A

Concept that heritage resources can only be fully appreciated in a broad context (rather than in isolation), including the entire landscape where these once existed. Begins with the preservation work at Abu Simbel in Egypt.

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23
Q

Significance of setting and location of resources

A

Concept that heritage resources derive their meaning from where they were constructed

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24
Q

In situ curation

A

Preserving resources in the place where they are discovered (in situ means in place)

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25
Q

Universal declaration of human rights of Indigenous Peoples

A

Rights of indigenous peoples worldwide to participate in and continue their own culture and traditions; often referred to by acronym UNDRIP

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26
Q

Cultural landscape

A

Recognition that the entire landscape – including unmodified areas – is culturally important

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27
Q

Illicit trafficking

A

Illegal sales of antiquities

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28
Q

Cultural tourism

A

tourism to visit traditional societies that have been minimally impacted by the past or to visit re-enactments of traditional cultures; related to (and similar to) heritage tourism.

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29
Q

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

A

List of sites (cultural, natural, and combined) recognized by UNESCO as of importance to all humanity

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30
Q

Traditional culture and folklore

A

Part of UNESCO policy to attempt to preserve intangible aspects of culture such as folklore

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31
Q

Oral traditions

A

Part of UNESCO policy to attempt to preserve intangible aspects of culture such as oral traditions (stories, songs, etc.)

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32
Q

Illicit Traffic in antiquities

A

“black market” for relics and antiquites is one of the 3 biggest money making illegal activites globally

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33
Q

Heritage Tourism

A

Tourism driven by heritage resources including archaeological sites, pilgrimage sites, living cultures, etc.

34
Q

World Heritage

A

Idea of certain heritage sites being important to everyone around the world; also refers to list of sites recognized by UNESCO as being important to everyone

35
Q

Underwater Heritage

A

Importance and protection of heritage resources found beneath the water, including areas that were once above the water and things like shipwrecks

36
Q

Intangible Heritage

A

Important aspects of culture that have no physical manifestation, such as stories, songs, language, dances, ritual activities, etc.

37
Q

UNESCO

A

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

38
Q

Cultural property

A

Any physical heritage resource that is connected to a particular culture

39
Q

The Shield

A

Organization created to prevent the removal of cultural property during times of war

40
Q

Illicit export of cultural property

A

Any example of cultural property being removed from its place of origin without specific permission from representatives of that culture

41
Q

Academic archaeology

A

Archaeology driven by research goals exclusively

42
Q

Consulting archaeology

A

Archaeology driven at least in part by need to comply with heritage preservation regulations

43
Q

Cultural resource management

A

Blanket name (North America in general, but especially USA) to professionals involved in the protection and management of cultural resources, particularly archaeological sites. Heritage Resource Management and Archaeological Resource Management are synonyms

44
Q

Budgets

A

Financial organization of heritage work; particularly important in consulting world

45
Q

Compliance-driven archaeology

A

Archaeological work undertaken due to the need to comply with heritage protection regulations; the vast majority of archaeology in North America and the UK is compliance-driven

46
Q

National Historic Preservation Act (US)

A

US federal regulation that requires archaeological resources greater than 100 years in age to be assessed prior to any kind of impact such as construction

47
Q

National Register of Historic Places (US)

A

US federal list of places deemed of historic significance

48
Q

National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA – US)

A

US federal regulation requiring the assessment and protection of the environment; connected to National Historic Preservation Act

49
Q

Section 106 (NHPA)

A

Specific statute in US federal National Historic Preservation Act that requires archaeological resources to be assessed prior to impact

50
Q

State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO)

A

Individual who coordinates archaeological (and other historic) research and compliance work in a given US state

51
Q

Tribal Historic Preservation Office (TRPO)

A

Individual who coordinates archaeological (and other historic) research and compliance within the territories of a (US Federally-recognized) Tribe; similar to SHPO

52
Q

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act

A

Canadian federal regulation and set of procedures for assessing impacts to the environment by proposed construction, etc.

53
Q

Archaeological and Historic Sites Protection Act (BC)

A

Original set of regulations in BC for protection of archaeological resources

54
Q

Automatic protection of archaeological sites (BC)

A

Law that states that archaeological sites are protected from the moment of discovery, rather than requiring such sites to be registered or otherwise recorded by the government

55
Q

Archaeological Sites Advisory Board (BC)

A

BC group that aided in the protection and preservation of archaeological sites through to the mid-1970s

56
Q

Heritage Conservation Act (BC)

A

Name of BC legislation that protects and manages archaeological sites and other forms of heritage

57
Q

Salvage archaeology

A

Term used to describe archaeological work done at the last possible moment before the eminent destruction of a resource

58
Q

Crown land (Canada)

A

Canadian term for lands owned or controlled by government bodies

59
Q

Pre-contact sites

A

Term for archaeological sites occupied prior to the arrival of Europeans; primarily used in the Americas, but applies to other parts of the world as well

60
Q

Traditional use site

A

Areas where traditional activities were undertaken in ancient or recent times; these do not necessarily have distinctive physical attributes easily recognizable by outsiders

61
Q

Explaining culture change.

A

One of the primary goals of modern archaeology, attempting to understand why cultures change over time

62
Q

Mechanisms of culture change.

A

The various processes that result in culture change over time

63
Q

General explanations

A

Creating broad ranging explanations that can explain why a particular result would be the expected outcome based on various circumstances; concepts can potentially be applied anywhere.

64
Q

Particular explanations

A

Creating highly specific explanations of why particular events occurred in given areas at specific times; concepts limited to specific times and places. Sometimes referred to as historical explanations.

65
Q

General laws

A

Framing explanations in extremely broad terms that can be used anywhere; law of gravity is an example of a general law.

66
Q

Law-like statements

A

Another term for general laws; explanations are framed as laws or in statements like laws (“whenever X happens, Y follows.”).

67
Q

Antecedent circumstances

A

The various circumstances and events that occur prior to the event.

68
Q

Historical explanations

A

Another name for particular explanations: antecedent circumstances occur, followed by “law” or law-like explanation, resulting in event.

69
Q

Deductive-nomothetic explanations

A

Name given to philosophical school of thought that combines antecedent circumstances which are deduced (“Deductive”) and laws or law-like statements (nomothetic) to explain what happened. Antecedent circumstances + law = event.

70
Q

Hypothetico-deductive explanations

A

Explanations based on hypothesis testing (“hypothetico”); outcomes are deduced from hypothesis (“deductive”), suggesting what is to be expected if the hypothesis is correct.

71
Q

Universal laws of culture

A

Idea – shared by very few archaeologists – that all cultures will react in similar ways to similar circumstances.

72
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

Means of comparing what is expected from a hypothesis with the actual outcome and adjusting the hypothesis accordingly.

73
Q

Monocausal

A

Idea that a past event can be explained by a single variable. For example: drought always leads to warfare due to crop failure.

74
Q

Multivariate

A

explanations that rely on a wide variety of different components, rather than a single component or variable.

75
Q

Systems theory

A

In archaeology, the idea that if we could just measure every aspect of culture, we could explain all past behaviour

76
Q

Migration

A

School of thought that explained culture change by suggesting the arrival of new people from somewhere else who have new technologies or practices.

77
Q

Diffusion

A

School of thought that explains culture change through the movement of ideas through space, rather than people moving over the same spaces.

78
Q

Processualism

A

School of thought (archaeology) that attempts to understand the processes of human culture, rather than simply the artifacts left behind. Employed very scientific (and impersonal) approach; referred to as the “new archaeology” in the 1960s.

79
Q

Post-processualism

A

School of thought that came along after the rise of processualism, arguing that archaeologists could not understand past human behaviours through impersonal scientific observations, and that interpretive explanations were needed. Actually, many different approaches advocated by many different archaeologists (and beyond the scope of this course).

80
Q

Neo-Marxist

A

Explains the past through Marxist ideas, particularly the idea of power struggles between authorities and the rest of the population. Very similar to processualism in many ways.

81
Q

Evolutionary

A

Archaeological school of thought that seeks to explain cultural behaviours in terms of biology, particularly reproductive advantages that might result from certain behaviours.

82
Q

Feminist

A

arch 101 (10 decks)

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