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arch 101 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Isotropic

A

Uniform in all orientations

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2
Q

Cryptocrystalline

A

Extremely Fine grained

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3
Q

Knapping or flint knapping

A

The process of making stone tools

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4
Q

Conchoidal fracture

A

Shell-shaped fracture

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5
Q

Bulb of percussion

A

Area of conchoidal fracture produced during stone tool manufacture

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6
Q

Striking platform

A

Area where a stone tool is impacted during production of flakes

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7
Q

Core

A

Larger rock that has flakes removed from it for tool production

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8
Q

Flake

A

Smaller rock removed from a core during tool production

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9
Q

Hammerstone

A

Stone used to remove flakes from a core or to shape flakes after removal

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10
Q

Soft hammer

A

Similar to a hammerstone, but made of material softer than the rock core; often made of antler or bone

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11
Q

Reducing firing atmosphere

A

Limited supply of oxygen during ceramic firing, typically resulting in black and white ceramics

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12
Q

Temper

A

Non-plastic materials added to clay for ceramic production

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13
Q

reductive technology

A

Artifact production involves removing materials, with no possibility of replacing these

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14
Q

Additive technology

A

Artifact production involves adding materials as desired, permitting a finished product of any desired size or shape

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15
Q

Plastic

A

Materials that can be formed into any desired shape or form

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16
Q

Oxidizing firing atmosphere

A

Unlimited supply of oxygen during ceramic firing, typically resulting in red and buff or multicolour ceramics

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17
Q

Coiled ceramics

A

Ceramics produced by coiling a piece of clay into the desired shape (only form of ceramic production in the Americas prior to European contact)

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18
Q

Sherd/Shard

A

Name given to a fragmentary piece of ceramics (sherd in the Americas; shard in Britain)

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19
Q

censors

A

Name used in Mesoamerican archaeology for incense burners

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20
Q

Differential use of ceramics

A

Archaeological analysis of the distribution of ceramics in different contexts

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21
Q

weft

A

Moving element in weaving (left-to-right portions)

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22
Q

warp

A

Structural element in weaving (up-and-down portions)

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23
Q

bone cutting

A

Sawing or otherwise cutting through bone to produce a desired shape

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24
Q

bone grinding

A

Producing a desired shape in bone by abrading against a rough material like sandstone

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25
Q

tempering

A

Reheating of quenched iron to decrease brittleness

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26
Q

quenching

A

rapid water cooling of carburized iron to increase strength (increases brittleness)

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27
Q

carburization

A

Process of introducing carbon from charcoal fires to iron

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28
Q

steel

A

Hardened iron produced through use of carbon from charcoal fires

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29
Q

iron

A

Relatively soft metal

30
Q

bronze

A

Alloy of copper and tin

31
Q

metallurgy

A

Producing metal artifacts by heating metal to melting point, sometimes combining different metals

32
Q

tin

A

Alloyed with copper to produce bronze

33
Q

copper

A

Widely used in early metal working, sometimes cold hammered into desired shape

34
Q

hard metals

A

Copper, tin, iron

35
Q

s twist

A

Cordage produced by twisting to the right

36
Q

z twist

A

Cordage produced by twisting to the left

37
Q

sewn basketry

A

Another name for coiled basketry

38
Q

Constituent analysis

A

Analysis of the composition of artifacts, such as the source of lithic raw materials

39
Q

form attributes

A

Attributes (often of artifacts) that are directly related to function

40
Q

stylistic attributes

A

Attributes (often of artifacts) that are not directly related to function

41
Q

symbolic gift giving

A

Gift exchange with greater concern for the act of exchange than the item exchanged

42
Q

negative reciprocity

A

intentional indebtedness

43
Q

balanced reciprocity

A

Equal value transactions

44
Q

positive reciprocity

A

Exchange with no expectation of indebtedness

45
Q

Ideology and status, as it relates to trade and exchange

A

Rare and valuable items used to enhance status, sometimes as sacred / religious icons

46
Q

Information flow, as it relates to trade and exchange

A

social function of markets and exchange is to acquire knowledge, rather than materials

47
Q

Alliance, as it relates to trade and exchange

A

Balanced positive redistribution strengthens social ties

48
Q

Social integration, as it relates to trade and exchange

A

Exchange of items through bargaining

49
Q

Market exchange

A

Exchange of items through bargaining

50
Q

redistribution

A

Distribution of items through government control

51
Q

fictive kin groups

A

Anthropological name for group affiliations not based on blood or marriage (clans, totems, etc.).

52
Q

big man

A

Anthropological term (based on ethnographic research) used to describe individuals who accumulate status through material culture over the course of their lives

53
Q

Hopewell

A

Archaeologically defined culture known for construction of elaborate earthen mounds, long-distance trade of exotic materials

54
Q

mound builder

A

Generic name given to societies in eastern North America who constructed earthen mounds.

55
Q

interaction sphere

A

Relatively long-distance interaction, seen archaeologically primarily through ritual behaviours (burials, etc.) and elite (non-essential) items

56
Q

Mississippian culture

A

Name given to mound building culture that was still active at the time of European arrival (early 1500s) in southeastern North America

57
Q

clan

A

Fictive kin group typically based upon a shared spirit animal; members of a clan may be related by blood, but this is not a necessary requirement

58
Q

spiro

A

Large Mississippian mound site in modern Oklahoma, mostly destroyed by looters in the 1930s.

59
Q

Caddoan Mississippian culture

A

Western-most extent of Mississippian culture in North America

60
Q

Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

A

Widespread distribution of ritual materials and styles in southeastern North America (known as “Southern Cult” or “Buzzard Cult” in early publications)

61
Q

cahokia

A

Largest village / city in North America prior to European contact

62
Q

Archaeological signature of marketplace

A

Physical and material traits that permit distinguishing market activities in a physical space

63
Q

Microartifact assemblages

A

Collections of material remains left behind at a market space because they were too small for the vendors to notice

64
Q

Transient space

A

Location on the landscape that can be used for a variety of different purposes

65
Q

inferred market system

A

Market system believed to have been employed by a past society

66
Q

Archaeological signature of economic systems

A

Means of recognizing different economic systems through material remains left behind

67
Q

Embedded transaction

A

Transactions can only occur between individuals with a standing relationship

68
Q

atomized transaction

A

Impersonal transaction, assumes no prior relationship of people involved

69
Q

economic rationality

A

Assumption underlying capitalist economic theory, that ancient markets would behave like modern markets

70
Q

market system

A

Economic system of exchange where prices are determined through bargaining, rather than by a government

arch 101 (10 decks)

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