Module 7

Question 1

learning is defined as a

Answer 1

permanent change in behavior due to experience

Question 2

define behavior

Answer 2

any observable action, including word, gesture, response and more that can be repeated measured, and are affected by a situation to produce or remove some outcome.

Question 3

some skills are _____. This includes babies crying when hungry, puckering their cheeks when their touched and grasping something put in their hand.

Answer 3

innate

Question 4

define reflexes

Answer 4

stimulus-response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates that behavior that happens automatically.

Question 5

Your cat learns to open the door by watching you. This is

operant conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning

social (vicarious) learning

latent learning

Answer 5

social (vicarious) learning

Question 6

The power goes out in the house you may not think you know where it is but you are easily able to navigate it when there is a power outage. This is

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning

social (vicarious) learning

latent learning

Question 7

Ivan Pavlov is responsible for what we know now about classical conditioning. He provided a basis for later behaviorist like

John Watson

Wundt Titchener

B.F. Skinner

Renee Descartes

Answer 7

John Watson

B.F. Skinner

Question 8

An insignificant event becomes associated with a biologically important even this would be considered

Operant conditioning

latent learning

controlled bias

Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 8

Pavlovian conditioning

Question 9

define stimulus

Answer 9

Anything in an environment that can be detected, is measurable, and can evoke a response

Question 10

Ever since she was a child, Alisa has always felt faint when she saw blood; the sight of blood made Alisa’s blood pressure drop slightly. However, as a child, she didn’t mind visiting relatives in the hospital, and showed no particular reaction to being in hospital buildings. As a young adult, Alisa went the hospital several times to visit a friend, and each time she went, she saw blood while in the hospital. Now Alisa’s blood pressure drops slightly as soon as she enters a hospital.

What conditioning is this? What’s the US, UR, CS, CR

Answer 10

US: blood
UR: blood pressure drops
CS: hospital
CR: blood pressure drops

Question 11

Pavlov wears his laboratory coat without feeding his dogs for several days the dogs would eventually stop salivating when they saw the laboratory coat.

what is this known as?

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

extinction can be considered as unlearning. T/F

Answer 12

F. it’s not unlearning it’s learning that the CS is not reliable indicator of US.

Question 13

Molly was scared of dogs when she was younger b/c she was bitten when she was a kid. She is now an adult and is no longer scared of dogs. One day Molly spots a dog walking up to her and she all of a sudden feels fear.

What effect is this?`

Answer 13

spontaneous recovery

Question 14

define stimulus generalization

Answer 14

an effect in which animals notice similarities between objects and respond to object as if they are the same

Question 15

define operant conditioning

Answer 15

consequences of our behavior’s matter

Question 16

There are 4 contingencies (if then rules; if you do this (behavior), then that will happen (consequence)). What are they.

Answer 16

positive/negative reinforcement
positive/negative punishment

Question 17

define reinforcement

Answer 17

increase the probability of behavior’s

Question 18

define punishment

Answer 18

decrease probability of behavior

Question 19

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that ________________________.

a
a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner

b
it results in the removal of the behavior

c
the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus

d
the behavior is decreased or weakened

Answer 19

c
the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus

Question 20

What are the two forms negative reinforcement occurs in

Answer 20

avoidance and escape

Question 21

We go to the doctor when we are sick to get antibiotics, which kill bacteria.

negative reinforcement (escape)

negative reinforcement (Avoidance)

positive reinforcement

negative punishment.

positive punishment.

Answer 21

negative reinforcement (escape)

Question 22

We may get a flu shot to avoid contracting an illness.

negative reinforcement (escape)

negative reinforcement (Avoidance)

positive reinforcement

negative punishment.

positive punishment.

Answer 22

negative reinforcement (Avoidance)

Question 23

what is the difference between avoidance and escape

Answer 23

escape removes an already present stimulus while avoidance prevents a stimulus from occurring

Question 24

Muting a cell phone before bed prevents calls from waking us up.

negative reinforcement (escape)

negative reinforcement (Avoidance)

positive reinforcement

negative punishment.

positive punishment.

Answer 24

negative reinforcement (Avoidance)

Question 25

What is better positive reinforcement or positive punishment

Answer 25

positive reinforcement whenever possible because it had a longer-lasting effect on behavior.

positively reinforced behavior will occur more frequently even without the contingency (for at least a little while), but positive punishment will not suppress behavior without the contingency.

Question 26

5 reasons not to use punishment

Answer 26

1. doesnt teach person how to get reinforcer
2. aversive stimuli can cause pain/negative emotions
3. person who uses punishment more likely to use it again
4. person punished learns to you punishment to control others behaviour
5. Only works if it is used a)immediately b)every time c) large aversive stimulus

Question 27

define reinforcers

Answer 27

stimulus presented as consequence making it more likely for behavior to occur

Question 28

primary reinforcers

Answer 28

A type of stimulus also known as unconditioned reinforcers in which biologically important consequences make your behavior more likely in the future.

Question 29

secondary reinforcers

Answer 29

type of stimulus also known as conditioned reinforcers in which consequences that were paired with primary reinforcers or already-meaningful reinforcers that will make your behavior more likely in the future.

Question 30

what is an example fo a generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 30

Money

objects traded for several other reinforcers

Question 31

What is Toloman famous for

Answer 31

Latent Learning using the rat experiment

Question 32

The no food group rats made less errors and were quicker to finish the maze than food group rats in Toloman’s experiment why?

Answer 32

b/c they were creating cognitive maps in their head which help better than food group rats as they had another stimulus helping them

Question 33

What experiment and learning is Bandura famous for?

Answer 33

the bobo beatdown and social learning

Question 34

What are the 4 stages of social learning in order

production phase (performing models action)

attentional phase (imitating model)

motivational phase (imitated behavior produces same reward model earned)

retention phase (thinking about performing models action ourselves)

Answer 34

1. attentional phase (imitating model)
2. retention phase (thinking about performing models action ourselves)
3. production phase (performing models action)
4. motivational phase (imitated behavior produces same reward model earned)

Question 35

define biological preparedness

Answer 35

result in which some events serve as better signals or conditional stimuli than others due to evolution.

Question 36

Participants don’t always easily learn to associate a shock with snakes and spiders because these creature don’t “belong” with shock/pain. Conditioning would be more reliable if we were to associate snakes and spiders with nausea, because snakes and spiders can be venomous, which makes people sick.

What term can explain why this is true?

reflexes

superstitions

condition inhibition

biological preparedness

Answer 36

biological preparedness

Question 37

When our avoidance responses don’t work, we stop trying to get away from the aversive stimulus. This is called

superstitions

learned helplessness

condition inhibition

Answer 37

learned helplessness