Module 7 Flashcards
How was OCD classified in DSM 4 and how did it change to DSM 5?
DSM4; is classified as an anxiety disorder
DSM5; is classed into a new category called obsessive-compulsive and related disorders—this new category also includes hoarding disorder, trichotillomania and skin-picking disorder.
How are Fear and Anxiety defined?
Fear; response to a clear and imminent threat, regardless of whether that threat is real or perceived (increased heart rate, sweating, nausea)
Anxiety; oriented toward future threat, regardless of whether that threat is real or perceived (muscle tensions, stomachaches and headaches)
When feeling anxious, a person wants to avoid a situation. How can Avoidance be overt and covert?
Avoidance can be overt, like staying away from a situation completely.
Avoidance can also be covert—a person may enter an anxiety-provoking situation but might engage in safety behaviours to make the situation more bearable or to prevent something bad from happening.
what distinguishes adaptive fear and anxiety, from maladaptive fear and anxiety?
Heavy influence on person ability to perform as they expected and or at all. Perform referring to life in general, socially, work life, family, self-efficacy.
What is a specific phobia? Explain the diphasic/biphasic response.
specific phobia; intense fear or anxiety of specific objects, animals, or situation
Diphasic/biphasic response; for those with intense fears of seeing blood, getting their blood drawn, and receiving vaccines. in the initial phase, there is an increase in blood pressure, consistent with autonomic arousal. But then, there is a second phase characterized by a drop in heart rate and blood pressure, leading at times to fainting.
What kind of conditions do Specific Phobias develop out of?
specific phobias develop out of classical conditioning and are maintained via operant conditioning (negative reinforcement)
- Example Little Albert
Can you think of any problems with the conditioning theory of specific phobias? Can you think of ways in which phobias develop through a pathway other than classical conditioning?
- Most people exposed to unpleasant and even aversive events do not develop a classically conditioned response to cues/stimuli associated with these events.
- Rachman points out that many people cannot remember having an encounter that would have led to a classically conditioned fear.
- vicarious acquisition of fear can occur when someone (like a parent) models a strong fear reaction to an object or situation
- verbal information transmission such as frightening anecdotes, scary news reports, and fear-mongering campaigns.
How is Exposure Theory defined?
person confronts their feared situation or object in a series of “steps” that usually ranges from least scary to most scary
How are panic disorder and panic attack defined?
Panic Disorder; is characterized by recurrent panic attacks; these attacks may be experienced as “coming out of the blue.
- a fear of panic attacks and of the perceived consequences of having such attacks.
Panic Attack; can happen when one is already in a state of anxiety, in an emotionally neutral state, or even in a relaxed state. Symptoms are experienced as sudden and can include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, nausea, dry mouth, trembling, and ringing in the ears.
What distinguishes panic attacks from panic disorders?
interpretation of the attacks
People who are at risk of developing panic disorder following the experience of panic attacks tend to interpret their initial experiences of panic in a more catastrophic way relative to those who do not go on to develop panic disorder. People who go onto develop panic disorder typically report fearing loss of contro
How is anxiety sensitivity defined?
a trait-like, individual difference characteristic that reflects a set of beliefs about the dangerousness of anxiety. Anxiety sensitivity is measured using a questionnaire called the Anxiety Sensitivity Index
What factors other than anxiety sensitivity could lead to Panic Disorder?
depression and other anxiety disorders
How is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) defined?
Intense fear or avoidance of situations in which social-interpersonal or scrutiny/negative evaluation might be possible.
How is Avoidance over/covert in (SAD)?
Avoidance can be overt (e.g., avoiding all courses that involve a class presentation) or it can be subtle.
Avoidance can be covert which is subtle and involves engaging in safety behaviours to make social-interpersonal situations more tolerable.
Can you think of examples of safety behaviours a person with SAD might engage in during social-interpersonal situations?
retreat to the kitchen and do the dishes at a house party to avoid conversation with others.
Or, perhaps a person with SAD will spend a lot of time rehearsing for routine team meetings at work or will avoid offering an opinion at such a meeting to prevent any possibility of criticism.
a person who is prone to blushing might routinely wear turtlenecks or scarves so others cannot see their neck turning red or blotchy.
