Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is bipolar disorder?
disorder marked by cycles between manic
episodes and depressive episodes; also called
manic- depression
What is mania?
state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of
grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid
speech, and impulsive actions
What is depression?
state marked by either a sad mood or a loss of
interest in one’s usual activities, as well as feelings of
hopelessness, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation
or retardation, and trouble concentrating
What is MDD?
disorder involving a sad mood or
anhedonia plus four or more of the following
symptoms: weight loss or a decrease in appetite,
insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or
retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or severe
guilt, trouble concentrating, and suicidal ideation; these
symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and
must produce marked impairments in normal
functioning
What is persistent depressive disorder?
a chronic form of depression
with symptoms lasting for at least 2 years
What is seasonal affective disorder?
disorder identified by
a 2-year period in which a person experiences major
depression during winter months and then recovers
fully during the summer; some people with this
disorder also experience mild mania during summer
months
What is peripartum onset?
subtype of major depressive or manic
episode used when the episode occurs during
pregnancy or in the 4 weeks after childbirth
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
a set of symptoms
occurring immediately prior to onset of menses
characterized by a mixture of depression, anxiety and
tension, and irritability and anger; may occur in mood
swings during the week before onset of menses and
subside once menses has beg
What is bipolar I disorder?
form of bipolar disorder in which the full
symptoms of mania are experienced; depressive aspects
may be more infrequent or mild
What is bipolar II disorder?
form of bipolar disorder in which only
hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive
component is more pronounced
What is hypomania?
state in which an individual shows mild
symptoms of mania
What is cyclothymic disorder?
milder but more chronic form of
bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between
hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over
a period of at least 2 years
What is rapid cycling bipolar disorder?
diagnosis given when a person
has four or more cycles of mania and depression within
1 year
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
a disorder in
children characterized by immature and inappropriate
temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to
a situation in intensity and duration
What are monoamines?
neurotransmitters, including catecholamines
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and
serotonin, that have been implicated in the mood
disorders
What is norepinephrine?
neurotransmitter that is involved in the
regulation of mood
What is serotonin?
neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of
mood and impulsive responses
What is dopamine?
neurotransmitter in the brain, excess amounts of
which have been thought to cause schizophrenia
What is the HPA axis?
three key
components of the neuroendocrine system that work
together in a feedback system interconnected with the
limbic system and the cerebral cortex
What are behavioral views of depression? What does depression result from?
theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement;
sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself
What is learned helplessness theory?
view that exposure to
uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one’s
inability to control important outcomes and
a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and
failure of action
What is negative cognitive triad?
perspective seen in depressed
people in which they have negative views of themselves,
of the world, and of the future
What is rumination?
focusing on one’s personal concerns and
feelings of distress repetitively and passively
What is interpersonal theories of depression?
theories that view the causes of depression as rooted in interpersonal relationships
What is rejection sensitivity?
tendency to be hypervigilant and
overreactive to signs of rejection from others
What is the cohort effect?
effect that occurs when people born in one
historical period are at different risk for a disorder than
are people born in another historical period
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?
biological
treatment that exposes patients to repeated, high- intensity
magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain
structures in order to stimulate those structures
What is deep brain stimulation?
procedure to treat depression in
which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific
areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator
that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain
areas
What is light therapy?
treatment for seasonal affective disorder that
involves exposure to bright lights during the winter
months
What is behavioral therapy?
therapy that focuses on changing
a person’s specific behaviors by replacing unwanted
behaviors with desired behaviors
What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT)?
treatment
for people with bipolar disorder that helps them
manage their social relationships and daily rhythms to
try to prevent relapse
What is family-focused therapy (FFT)?
treatment for people with
bipolar disorder in which patients and their families are
given education about bipolar disorder and training in
communication and problem-solving skills
What is egoistic suicide?
suicide committed by people who feel
alienated from others and who lack social support
What is anomic suicide?
suicide committed by people who
experience severe disorientation and role confusion
because of a large change in their relationship to
society
What is altruistic suicide?
suicide committed by people who believe
that taking their own life will benefit society
What is suicide contagion?
phenomenon in which the suicide of
a well- known person is linked to the acceptance of
suicide by people who closely identify with that person
