Chapter 7

Question 1

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 1

disorder marked by cycles between manic
episodes and depressive episodes; also called
manic- depression

Question 2

What is mania?

Answer 2

state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of
grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid
speech, and impulsive actions

Question 3

What is depression?

Answer 3

state marked by either a sad mood or a loss of
interest in one’s usual activities, as well as feelings of
hopelessness, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation
or retardation, and trouble concentrating

Question 4

What is MDD?

Answer 4

disorder involving a sad mood or
anhedonia plus four or more of the following
symptoms: weight loss or a decrease in appetite,
insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or
retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or severe
guilt, trouble concentrating, and suicidal ideation; these
symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and
must produce marked impairments in normal
functioning

Question 5

What is persistent depressive disorder?

Answer 5

a chronic form of depression
with symptoms lasting for at least 2 years

Question 6

What is seasonal affective disorder?

Answer 6

disorder identified by
a 2-year period in which a person experiences major
depression during winter months and then recovers
fully during the summer; some people with this
disorder also experience mild mania during summer
months

Question 7

What is peripartum onset?

Answer 7

subtype of major depressive or manic
episode used when the episode occurs during
pregnancy or in the 4 weeks after childbirth

Question 8

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

Answer 8

a set of symptoms
occurring immediately prior to onset of menses
characterized by a mixture of depression, anxiety and
tension, and irritability and anger; may occur in mood
swings during the week before onset of menses and
subside once menses has beg

Question 9

What is bipolar I disorder?

Answer 9

form of bipolar disorder in which the full
symptoms of mania are experienced; depressive aspects
may be more infrequent or mild

Question 10

What is bipolar II disorder?

Answer 10

form of bipolar disorder in which only
hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive
component is more pronounced

Question 11

What is hypomania?

Answer 11

state in which an individual shows mild
symptoms of mania

Question 12

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 12

milder but more chronic form of
bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between
hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over
a period of at least 2 years

Question 13

What is rapid cycling bipolar disorder?

Answer 13

diagnosis given when a person
has four or more cycles of mania and depression within
1 year

Question 14

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Answer 14

a disorder in
children characterized by immature and inappropriate
temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to
a situation in intensity and duration

Question 15

What are monoamines?

Answer 15

neurotransmitters, including catecholamines
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and
serotonin, that have been implicated in the mood
disorders

Question 16

What is norepinephrine?

Answer 16

neurotransmitter that is involved in the
regulation of mood

Question 17

What is serotonin?

Answer 17

neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of
mood and impulsive responses

Question 18

What is dopamine?

Answer 18

neurotransmitter in the brain, excess amounts of
which have been thought to cause schizophrenia

Question 19

What is the HPA axis?

Answer 19

three key
components of the neuroendocrine system that work
together in a feedback system interconnected with the
limbic system and the cerebral cortex

Question 20

What are behavioral views of depression? What does depression result from?

Answer 20

theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement;
sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself

Question 21

What is learned helplessness theory?

Answer 21

view that exposure to
uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one’s
inability to control important outcomes and
a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and
failure of action

Question 22

What is negative cognitive triad?

Answer 22

perspective seen in depressed
people in which they have negative views of themselves,
of the world, and of the future

Question 23

What is rumination?

Answer 23

focusing on one’s personal concerns and
feelings of distress repetitively and passively

Question 24

What is interpersonal theories of depression?

Answer 24

theories that view the causes of depression as rooted in interpersonal relationships

Question 25

What is rejection sensitivity?

Answer 25

tendency to be hypervigilant and
overreactive to signs of rejection from others

Question 26

What is the cohort effect?

Answer 26

effect that occurs when people born in one
historical period are at different risk for a disorder than
are people born in another historical period

Question 27

What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?

Answer 27

biological
treatment that exposes patients to repeated, high- intensity
magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain
structures in order to stimulate those structures

Question 28

What is deep brain stimulation?

Answer 28

procedure to treat depression in
which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific
areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator
that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain
areas

Question 29

What is light therapy?

Answer 29

treatment for seasonal affective disorder that
involves exposure to bright lights during the winter
months

Question 30

What is behavioral therapy?

Answer 30

therapy that focuses on changing
a person’s specific behaviors by replacing unwanted
behaviors with desired behaviors

Question 31

What is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT)?

Answer 31

treatment
for people with bipolar disorder that helps them
manage their social relationships and daily rhythms to
try to prevent relapse

Question 32

What is family-focused therapy (FFT)?

Answer 32

treatment for people with
bipolar disorder in which patients and their families are
given education about bipolar disorder and training in
communication and problem-solving skills

Question 33

What is egoistic suicide?

Answer 33

suicide committed by people who feel
alienated from others and who lack social support

Question 34

What is anomic suicide?

Answer 34

suicide committed by people who
experience severe disorientation and role confusion
because of a large change in their relationship to
society

Question 35

What is altruistic suicide?

Answer 35

suicide committed by people who believe
that taking their own life will benefit society

Question 36

What is suicide contagion?

Answer 36

phenomenon in which the suicide of
a well- known person is linked to the acceptance of
suicide by people who closely identify with that person