Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSC Biology (2022) > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence?

A

Preformed adaptations which inhibit pathogens from entering the body.
This includes:
- Skin
- Mucous membrane
- Cilia
- Chemical barriers
- Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the skin inhibit pathogens entering the body?

A
  • Tightly packed cells form a protective layer
  • Pores secrete anti-microbial fluids that inhibit surface growth of bacteria 🦠
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Innate immune system definition

A

The body’s first response to a pathogen. it provides a non specific protection by responding in a generic manner
No immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the mucous membrane prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Mucous lines the respiratory, urinary and reproductive tract that traps pathogens and foreign particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adaptive immune system definition

A

A specialised protection against pathogens which enter the body it is highly specific but needs time to develop a primary response. It has immunological memory so upon second exposure it is faster and stronger
There are two main classes of cells :
B cells and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does cilia prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Cilia are hair-like projections that like the nose and throat. They ‘wave’ at 12 beats/s to move mucous up the tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe features of a prion and give and example.

A

A mis-folded protein that spreads through transmission of its abnormality onto normal variants of the same protein - causing several neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
E.g. mad cow disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do chemical barriers stop pathogens from infecting the body?

A
  • Stomach acids and enzymes in the mouth create uninhabitable conditions for bacteria.
  • Enzymes called lysozymes dissolve cell membranes, killing the pathogen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are B cells and where are they created

A

They are apart of the adaptive immune system and they produce antibodies responsible for antibody- meditated immunity
They mature in the bone marrow developing from hematopoietic stem cells
There are two types: plasma cells and memory B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the defining features of a virus and give an example

A
  • non-cellular
  • consist of a nucleus acid (DNA or RNA) Surrounded by a protein coat
  • replicates inside living cells

E.g. HIV, Measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do bodily secretions prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Sweat glands, hair follicles and open passages in the body secrete chemicals that destroy bacteria and fungi as well as flushing reservoirs where pathogens may hide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the body’s second line of defence?

A

Adaptive response systems that actively fight pathogens to stop the progression of disease and is only activated once the pathogen has breached the first line of defence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of pathogen is a single called eukaryotic organism and how does it cause infection ?
Give an example of an infection.

A

Protozoa
They absorb nutrients from hosts ( heterotrophic)
-secrete toxins
- invade cells
- form biofilms ( colonies ) which affect cell and tissue function

E.g. malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the lymph system respond to pathogens?

A
  • Lymphatic vessels/nodes, the spleen and the thymus produce WBCs.
  • WBCs activate the immune response and once the pathogen has been drained to the lymph nodes they are killed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

B cell types (2) and what they do

A

Plasma cells: (immediate protection) a WBC that makes large amounts of specific antibodies
Memory B cells: (persistent protection) create more rapid responses upon secondary antigen detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do histamines respond to pathogens?

A

Histamines increase the permeability of of blood vessels (inflammation) to allow blood to easily travel to the site of infection.
This helps clear out dead cells, initiate tissue repair and increase temperature to deactivate pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antigen vs Antibodies

A

Antigens are any foreign substance that enters your body and an antibody is what the immune system produces to fight of the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Specialised WBCs, macrophages and neutrophils that engulf pathogens and break them down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the defining features of bacteria and give an example of a infection caused by bacteria

A
  • single celled prokaryotic organism
  • no nucleus
  • reproduction through binary fission
  • causes infection through secretion of toxins, invasion of cells, formation of biofilms ( Colonies)
    E.g salmonella, tuberculosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the characteristics of fungal pathogens and give an example of a infection they cause.

A
  • eukaryotic organism
  • heterotrophic
  • has cell walls
  • take in nutrients from environment through secretion of digestive enzymes
  • reproduction through spreading spores that can release harmful enzymes
    E.g thrush, ringworm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do T cells do and where do they mature

A

They are responsible for cell mediated immunity
They originate from the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
There are 4 main types

22
Q

What type of pathogen can be seen with the naked and how do they cause infection?

A

Macro - parasite
Includes:
Ectoparasite- lives on an organism e.g ticks, lice
Endoparasite- live in an organism e.g tapeworm
Causes infection through invasion and destruction of cells and competition for nutrients

23
Q

How do phagocytes kill cells?

A

1: Phagocytic receptors bind to microbes
2: Bound microbes are engulfed forming phagosomes
3: The phagosomes fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes
4: Microbes inside phagolysosomes are killed due to acidification

24
Q

How do macrophages and lymphocytes respond to pathogens?

A

They completely surround pathogens and undergo apoptosis (suicide), simultaneously killing the pathogen.

25
Q

Define horizontal transmission

A

Transmission of pathogens between biotic or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent progeny relationship ( parent and child).

26
Q

Define vertical transmission

A

Transmission of organisms/ pathogen from a mother to their offspring.

27
Q

The types of T cells (4) and there main roles

A

Helper T cells: assist other WBC in their immunological processes. They rapidly divide and secrete cytokines which help to coordinate the immune response
Cytotoxic T cells: KILLERS they release cytotoxins that kill cells by triggering apoptosis
Regulatory T cells: SUPPRESSOR control cell mediated immunity essentially stop the killer T cells from killing everything
Memory T cells: provide immunological memory by remaining in circulation

28
Q

What is included in local disease prevention?

A
  • Immunisation 💉
  • personal hygiene practices
  • safe health practices I.e contraceptives
  • provision of public health information
29
Q

How to antibodies benefit the immune response (3 ways)

A

1) neutralisation: antibodies binding to pathogens or toxins to block their effect on host cells. Once immobilised, toxins and pathogens may be degraded either by macrophages or killer T cells
2) opsonisation: the binding of antibodies to antigens improves the efficiency of phagocytosis
3) complement system: by binding to pathogens present in the blood stream, antibodies activate lysis and ingestion of infections

30
Q

What is involved in regional prevention of disease?

A
  • Monitoring of environmental conditions i.e. water, sanitising facilities, food and sewerage management.
  • improvement of identification I.e. surveillance and recognition of presence
31
Q

What is involved global disease prevention?

A
  • Communication between contrives with WHO
  • implementation of quarantine measures
  • monitoring movement of infected individuals
32
Q

What is the Clonal selection process?

A

The process by which the adaptive immune system gains its specificity against pathogens. It occurs in both T and B cells. We can think of clonal selection kind of like rapid evolution of our immune system

33
Q

What are antivirals?

A

A call of anti-microbial used to treat viral infections by inhibiting tier ability to enter the cell or produce proteins.

34
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

A class of anti-microbial used to treat bacterial infections by killing it for preventing its growth.

35
Q

What is antibiotic resistance and how does it occur?

A

Bacteria develop antibiotic resistance in response to overexposure to an antibiotic.
It occurs though natural selection as only the cells that mutate to develop antibiotic resistance and then reproduce to make more antibiotic resistant bacteria.

36
Q

What is incidence?

A

The frequency of new cases of a disease over a specified time period.

37
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The proportion of a particular population affected by a disease.

38
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths within a particular population as a result of a certain disease.

39
Q

Steps that the immune system takes when exposed to a pathogen (11)

A

1) non-self antigens detect pathogen
2) inflammation increases blood flow to site, increased permeability of blood vessels allows WBCs to migrate to issue
3) non specific responses- macrophages engulf pathogens and single other immune cells
4) the macrophages present the foreign antigens on their surface for recognition by B cells and T helper cells
5) b and T cells specific to the pathogen are selected by the antigens
6) B cells differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete pathogen specific antibodies to immobilise the foreign cells
7) cytotoxic killer T cells attack pathogenic cells by realising cytotoxins
8) memory B and T cells are produced
9) pathogen is cleared from the site
10) suppressor T cells come in and suppress killer T cells
11) memory B and T cells remain circulating in the blood to provide long term immunity

40
Q

What is event based surveillance?

A

Reporting based on information from healthcare professionals, social media and internet searches to predict disease.

41
Q

Define bush medicine (Indigenous terms)

A

Skills and practices to maintain health based on Indigenous beliefs and experiences
“Not just physical wellbeing of the individual, but the social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of the whole community”

42
Q

Give 3 examples of direct contact as a horizontal mode of transmission.

A
  • Person to person contact
  • Animal to person contact
  • Mother to unborn child
43
Q

Describe how pathogens are transferred through indirect contact.

A

Pathogens that can survive outside of the host for a period of time found within the environment or certain frequently touched surfaces.

44
Q

Define vector transmission and give an example.

A

Pathogens that are carried by insects from one host to another e.g. mosquitos carry malaria.

45
Q

Define contamination as a form of pathogen transmission.

A

Good and water may harbour pathogens as they are high in nutrients which facilitates pathogen growth.

46
Q

List and describe three forms of verticals transmission.

A

Transplacental: transmission of pathogen from mother to foetus through the placenta.

Vaginal birth: pathogens/micro flora in cervix and vagina can be transferred to child as it moves through birth canal.

Breast feeding: if the mother has infectious disease it may be contained in the fluids/nutrients of the breast milk and passed on to child -ingested

47
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Micro-organisms present in high numbers in host.
  2. Micro-organisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
  3. healthy organism injected with pure culture it must develop the same symptoms as original diseased organism
  4. Isolate and re grow micro-organism from newly infected host, if identical to that in step two it is the cause of the disease.
48
Q

What is Robert Koch known for ?

A
  • founder of modern bacteriology
  • identifying the microbial origins of multiple diseases - anthrax
  • developing a procedure to identify diseases causing microbes -Koch’s Postulates
49
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur and what is he known for ?

A

Louis Pasteur was a French microbiologist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating the germ theory of disease through his experiments.

50
Q

What experiment did Pasteur use to disprove spontaneous generation and what did it involve ?

A

The swan neck flask experiment.
Pasteur used flasks with bent necks through which particles in the air became trapped, he then filled the flasks with sterilised liquid and removed the neck from one flask. His experiment showed that the flask with the open neck was able to grow bacteria whereas the other flask remained uncontaminated.

51
Q

What are the main causes of plant diseases in Australia?

A
  • fruit flies ( macro-parasite which infects fruit and vegetables)
  • wheat stem rust ( fungal pest )
  • potato cyst nematode ( microscopic round worm)
  • sharka ( plum pox virus which infects summer fruit)
52
Q

What infectious agents contribute to plant disease ?

A

Bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoic and micro-parasitic agents are common causes of plant diseases.

HSC Biology (2022) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions