Module 6 Section 1: Cellular Control Flashcards
3 types of mutation
Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
(Called point mutations)
What is substitution
One or more bases are swapped for another
E.g. ATGCCT becomes ATTCCT
What is deletion
One of more bases are removed
E.g. ATGCCT becomes ATCT
What is insertion
One of more bases are added
E.g. ATGCCT becomes ATGACCG
How may a mutation effect protein structures
The order of DNA bases in a gene determines the order of amino acids in a particular protein
If a mutation occurs in a gene, the primary structure (amino acid chain) of the protein it codes for could be altered
This could change final 3D shape of protein so it doesn’t work properly
E.g. active sites may not be formed properly
Why may the mutation have a neutral effect on a proteins function
Genetic code is degenerate
Protein could be functionally redundant
Amino acids swapped are chemically similar
Why does genetic code being degenerate result in mutations having a neutral effect
Some amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet
E.g. both TAT and TAC code for tyrosine
This means that if TAT is changed to TAC the amino acid will not change
Why does the amino acids being functionally redundant result in mutations having a neutral effect
The mutated triplet codes for an amino acid which isn’t involved with the protein’s function
E.g. one located far from the enzymes active site so the protein works normally
Why does the amino acids being chemically similar result in mutations having a neutral effect
The two amino acids may be different but they both function the same
E.g. if arginine is swapped for lysine
The mutation will have a neutral effect because the amino acids are chemically similar
What is the result on the organism from a neutrally effected protein
A neutral effect on the protein won’t affect an organism at all
Also called silent mutation
How may mutations result in proteins changing
Can make a protein more or less active
E.g. by changing the shape of an enzymes active site
How can mutations have beneficial effects on proteins
Could increase chance of survival
E.g. bacteria having a mutated enzyme able to break down a wider range of antibiotics rather than just one kind
How can mutations have negative effects on proteins
They may decrease the chances of survival
E.g. cystic fibrosis can be caused by a deletion which causes the CFTR protein to fold incorrectly so it’s broken down, leading to excess mucus production in the lungs
How can mutations effect whether or not a protein is produced
Mutations can effect whether or not a protein is produced
A mutation can occur at the start of the gene so RNA polymerase can’t bind to it and begin transcription
This means that the protein coded for by the gene won’t be made
The loss of production of a protein can have harmful effects which can cause some genetic disorders
What is a mutation
Random unpredictable changes in the DNA
What is gene mutation compared to chromosome mutation
Gene mutation: change which affects one small part of a DNA molecule/ base sequence
Chromosome mutation: changes in large pieces of chromosomes or even the number of chromosomes present
Types of chromosome mutations
Deletion: a section breaks off
Duplication: sections get duplicated
Translocation: a section breaks off and joins another chromosome
Inversion: a section breaks off, is reversed, and then joins back on
Why do the structure and function of cells vary despite them having the same DNA
Not all the genes in the cell are expressed
This means they are not transcribed to make a functional protein
They are selectively switched on of off
What does differing gene expression create
Means that different proteins are made which modify the cell
They determine cell structure and control cell processes
This includes the expression of more genes which produce more proteins
At what stages can gene expression be controlled
Gene expression (and therefore protein synthesis) can be controlled at:
Transcriptional level
Post transcription level
Post translational level
How can gene expression be controlled at a transcriptional level
Altering the rate of transcription of genes
This is controlled by transcription factors
These therefore affect the amount of mRNA and protein that is made
How do transcription factors determine whether a gene is switched on or off
Transcription factors bind to DNA and switch genes on or off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription
What determines whether a transcription factor can bind to DNA in prokaryotes and what can this mean
The shape of a transcription factor
This can be altered by the binding off some molecules
E.g. certain hormones and sugars
This means the amount of certain molecules in an environment or cell can control the synthesis of some proteins by affecting transcription factor binding
How do transcription factors work in eukaryotes
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences (e.g. enhancer or promoter regions).
The right complex of transcription factors is required for transcription to begin
By increasing/decreasing the production of specific transcription factors, transcription of other genes can be controlled