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Respiratory Sys Exam 2 > Module 6: Ruminant Bronchopneumonias, Adult Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Module 6: Ruminant Bronchopneumonias, Adult Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

When will a calf/lamb/kid with bacterial bronchopneumonia respond best?

A

With acute treatment (early) with an antibiotic
- Chronic infections may recover, may not die, but they will not be productive
- If you wait for culture results, it will be too late to fix things

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2
Q

List the respiratory Viruses:

A
  • Bovine herpes virus
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
  • Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3)
  • Bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVD or BVDV)
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3
Q

List the respiratory Bacterias:

A
  • Mannheimia hemolyticaa
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Hisrophilus somnii
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4
Q
  • Is the #2 disease of importance
  • Disease of intensive management
A

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
- Second to diarrhea in newborn calves
- Feedlot, Dairy, Farm calves
- Show animals

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5
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD):

A
  • Viral insult damages mucous membranes, allowing bacterial commensals to proliferate
  • Replication includes the production of cell membrane components (LPS) and replication results in the expression and release of leukotoxin (M. haemolytica)
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6
Q

What often results in LPS/leukotoxin production and release causing inflammation?

A

Acute onset pneumonia

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7
Q

What is the cause of shipping fever?

A

Acute onset bronchopneumonia
- Best treated with modern antimicrobial agents

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8
Q

Associated with Bronchopneumonia and neurologic diseases

A

histophilus somnii
- most likely going to be identified after taking the dead animal to the State Diagnostic lab and they perform necropsy +/- culture.

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9
Q

Pasturella multocida tends to be more (acute/chronic)

A

Chronic

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10
Q

What includes opportunistic organisms that require damaged lung tissue to produce pruritic exudate (pus formers)?

A

Chronic pneumonia

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11
Q

Definition:
coughing-up of blood or blood-stained sputum

A

Hemoptysis

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12
Q

These cattle tend to be poor-doers, have lost weight, have rough hair coats, and loose stool (usually dark brown/black due to blood swallowed by cow). This is called:

A

Caudal Vena Cava Syndrome
- Most commonly associated with grain consumption (owner gives too much too fast) and best controlled by feeding animals appropriately

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13
Q

Caudal vena cava syndrome:
When is it too late for this syndrome to be controlled?

A

When these animals have blood coming from both nostrils -/+ mouth

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14
Q

What treatment is always listed as the treatment of choice for caudal vena cava syndrome?

A

Penicillin

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15
Q

Caudal vena cava syndrome:
(T/F) Penicillin is the only treatment that works for caudal vena cava syndrome

A

False, other antibiotics probably do but giving penicillin daily/twice daily for 4-8 weeks (or any other antibiotic) will result in residues in the animal (drug or metabolites residues)

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16
Q

Calves in feedlots that have a respiratory disease and chronic lameness. This organism does not generally show up acutely, rather 70+ days after weaning or moving them to the feedlot. This is most commonly associated with:

A

Mycoplasma bovis

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17
Q

List the most characterized and most important bacterial virulence factor:

A

Leukotoxin produced by Mannheimia hemolytica

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18
Q

Cattle:
- Chronic cough
- Fever that does not respond to antimicrobial
- anti-inflammatory therapy

A

Lungworms in the Midwest

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19
Q

(T/F) You can perform cold laser therapy for pneumonia

A

False

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20
Q

Small Ruminant Respiratory
A way of identifying sheep affected with Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), whereby the sheep’s hindquarters are raised above its head, producing fluid from both nostrils

A

Wheelbarrow Test

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21
Q

Small Ruminant Respiratory
What two viruses are very similar and it shouldn’t surprise you to see pneumonia in a goat similar to that in a sheep?

A
  • Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
  • Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE)
    Both OPP and CAE produce weight loss, respiratory signs, arthritis, agalactia (poor milk production), and neurologic diseases (less common clinical signs in sheep)
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22
Q

Sheep and Goats:
Dictyocaulus filaria responds to …

A
  • Benzimidazole (Fenbendazole)
  • Ivermectins (IVOmec, Moxidecti, etc)
  • Imidazothiazoles (Levamisole)
    Pyrantel does not work because it is not systemically absorbed
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23
Q

Sheep and Goats:
Meullerius capillaris responds to …

A
  • Benzimidazole
  • Ivermectins
    Resistant to Levamisole
24
Q

Sheep and Goats:
Protostrongylus rufescens responds to …

A
  • Benzimidazoles
  • Ivermectins
  • Levamisole (Imidazothiazoles)
25
Q

Other interstitial pneumonia: Toxic causes
#-methylindole toxicity due to lack of acclimation of animals to lush green grass

A

Fog Fever

26
Q

Other interstitial pneumonia:
How can 3-methylindole intoxication be prevented?

A

By feeding cattle monensin in diet 1 day prior to moving to lush green pasture or feeding cattle lasalocid in the diet for 6 days prior to moving to lush green pasture
Monensin and lasalocid are ionophores that promote feed utilization and health in a number of animal species

27
Q

Aspiration pneumonia in calves (mainly dairy calves):
What should the owners/management do/make sure of?

A
  • Not to re-use rubber nipples because this is a common cause of aspiration of milk into the lungs
  • Pre-emptively treating with antibiotics is a poor practice (this is not judicious use)
28
Q

Videos

A

Videos

29
Q

What is associated with stress, exposure to viral agents, and proliferation of commensal bacteria?

A

BRD
- Bacterial Flora of URT (ACUTE INJURY): Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Bibersteinia trehalose, Histopphilus somnii, Mycoplasma spp
- Opportunistic bacteria (CHRONIC DISEASE): Truperella pyogenes

30
Q

(T/F) Damage (viral) to respiratory epithelium promotes replication of bacterial flora resulting in pneumonia (bacterial)

A

True
- Viral infections: 3 days
- Bacterial infection: 5 days
- Clinical signs: 7-10 days

31
Q

Endotoxin + Leukotoxin =

A

Devastating to animals

32
Q

Major types of respiratory disease
“shipping fever,” “enzootic pneumonia”
- Adult cattle, weanlings, feedlot cattle
- Mannheimia haemolytica (early on in feedlot), Pasteurella multocida
- Others: Histophilus somnii, Mycoplasma spp. (later on in feedlot)

A

Primary Respiratory pathogens

33
Q

Major types of respiratory disease
“shipping fever,” “enzootic pneumonia”
- Adult cattle, weanlings, feedlot cattle
- Truperella pyogenes

A

Secondary pathogens (opportunists)

34
Q

BRDC in older calves/adults

A

BRDC in older calves/adults

35
Q

List the Aspiration pneumonia Treatment recommendations:

A
  • Control the inflammation
  • Supportive care
    • Fluids, electrolyte, and acid-base status
    • Nutrition
36
Q

Metastatic pneumonia, Caudal vena cava syndrome, Embolic pneumonia

A

Both nostrils are bleeding, very bad sign

37
Q
  • Poor doing animal
    • Mastitis
    • Metritis
    • Rumenitis/Liver abscess
    • Endocarditis
    • Lameness
  • Emboli lodge in lung
  • CVC, lung abscesses
A

Embolic pneumonia

38
Q
  • Usually: repeated episodes of rumenitis
  • Liver abscess follows, and septic thrombi develop in cava
  • Manifested as some form of respiratory disease, weight loss, and thoracic pain
  • Anemia, hemoptysis, melena
A

Metastatic pneumonia

39
Q

List treatment for metastatic pneumonia:

A
  • Treatment is often unrewarding
  • Once bleeding is evident – failure
  • Antibiotics
    • Penicillin long-term (week to months)
    • Antimicrobial residues! -> you may get in trouble
40
Q
  • Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (Adult cows)
    • Fog fever
    • Moldy sweet potatoes
    • Perilla ketones
  • Chronic fibrosing
  • Parasitic pneumonia – Cows, older calves
  • Toxic gases – Exposed animals
A

Interstitial pneumonias

41
Q
  • Outbreak in adult cows, calves unaffected
  • Moved from spaced, dry forage to lush green pastures
    • usually in the fall
    • fermentation of L-tryptophan in the rumen to 3-methylindole
  • 3-MI to lung metabolized by Clara cells (bronchiole) type I alveolar and capillary endothelial cells to reactive intermediates
  • Cell necrosis -> Lung inflammation
A

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPE)
Classic Lesions:
- Edema, cellular necrosis allows plasma transudation and coagulation of blood proteins
- Diffuse alveolar epithelial necrosis
- Hyaline membrane formation
- Type II alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia
- Multi-nucleate giant cells +/-
- NO coughing

42
Q

ABPE: Treatment
- 200 mg/head/day
- 1 day prior to changing feed

A

Monensin

43
Q

ABPE: Treatment
- Feeding 6 days prior to exposure

A

Lasalocid

44
Q

Verminous pneumonia
Dictyocaulus viviparous

A

Lung worms

45
Q
  • Direct life-cycle
  • Adults live in airways, eggs laid, hatch and larvae are coughed up
  • Larvae are swallowed and passed in feces
  • 3rd stage larvae on grass are eaten, where they migrate to airways and start eggs
    - PPP= 21-28 days
  • No clinical signs until larvae penetrate alveoli
  • Coughing
A

D. viviparous

46
Q

Small ruminant respiratory

A

Small ruminant respiratory

47
Q

List the Clinical signs from a distance:

A

Anorexia – Sick from a variety of causes
– Pregnancy toxemia vs. pneumonia/pleuritis
Diarrhea – Soiling of the perineum
– Change in feed, parasites (coccidiosis)
Body condition – Thin, weak sheep/goats
– Unless shorn, not accurate from a distance
Respiratory signs – Coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea, hyperpnea, nasal discharge
– Acidosis, lungworms, laryngitis, Oestrus

48
Q

When evaluating respiratory function, auscult __________ regions of ________________inlets

A
  • Prescapular
  • Caudal neck/thoracic
49
Q

Audible sounds:
Upper respiratory (larynx) (loudest)

A

Inspiration

50
Q

Audible sounds:
Upper respiratory (pharynx) (Passive)

A

Expiration

51
Q

List the viral agents associated with respiratory disease of sheep/goats:

A
  • BRSV
  • PIV-3
  • Adenovirus
  • Bluetongue virus
  • OPP/Maedi-visna virus of sheep
  • Ovine pulmonary carcinoma
  • CAEV in goats
52
Q

List Bacterial and Mycoplasma agents associated with respiratory disease in sheep and goats:

A
  • Mannheimia haemolytic A2
  • Pasteurella multocida (Enzootic pneumonia)
  • Bibersteinia trehalosi
  • Mycoplasma
    • M. ovipneumoniae
53
Q

(T/F) You can’t use micotil in goats as antimicrobial therapy

A

True

54
Q

(T/F) Goats get higher doses than sheep

A

True

55
Q
  • Can be isolated from some animals (healthy) ]
  • Can be associated with acute onset anorexia, lethargy and sudden death
  • Bighorn Sheep
  • Severe, acute bronchopneumonia
A

Bibersteinia trehalosi

Respiratory Sys Exam 2 (3 decks)

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