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Respiratory Sys Exam 2 > Module 5: Porcine Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Module 5: Porcine Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Terminology:
Mature female, after giving birth

A

Sow

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2
Q

Terminology:
Intact male

A

Boar

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3
Q

Terminology:
Immature female, before giving birth

A

Gilt

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4
Q

Terminology:
Castrated male

A

Barrow

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5
Q

Swine Production: Phases
Breeding Herd: Produces weaned pigs
- Gestation: ____(a)____
- Lactation: _____(b)___

A

(a) 115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
(b) Variable average and range, 16-21 days

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6
Q

Swine Production: Phases
Finishing Herd: Produces market pigs or replacements
- Nursery: ____(a)____
- Grow-Finish: _____(b)____

A

(a) 6-a 8 weeks
(b) After nursery until market usually 16 - 18 weeks
Birth to market: 3 + 8 + 18 = 29 weeks = 6 1/2 months

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7
Q

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex Basics

A

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex Basics

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8
Q

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is due to a variable combination of what?

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Environmental stressors
  • Production/Husbandry problems
    Respiratory problems in Growing Pigs
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9
Q

History and Clinical Signs:
An acute outbreak of fever and barking cough
It might be …

A

Influenza A virus

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10
Q

History and Clinical Signs:
Thin, fuzzy, thumping nursery pigs
It might be …

A

PRRSV

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11
Q

History and Clinical Signs:
Wasting pigs with respiratory disease and loose stools
It might be …

A

PCV2

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12
Q

History and Clinical Signs:
Chronic, sporadic, nonproductive cough
It might be …

A

M. hyo

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13
Q

Gross lesions: Anteroventral consolidation (Bronchopneumonia)
Can be most likely:

A
  • M. hyo
  • IAV
  • Bacteria (P. mult, Strep suis, G. parasuis)
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14
Q

Gross lesions: Interstitial Pneumonia
Can be most likely:

A
  • PRRSV
  • PCV2
  • Bacterial septicimia
  • (S. choleraesuis, Strep suis)
  • Ascarid larval mgration
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15
Q

Gross lesions:
If a pig has a ________________ – all rule-outs are in play

A

bronchointerstitial pneumonia

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16
Q

The Real Pathogens of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex

A

The Real Pathogens of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex

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17
Q
  • Family Arteriviridae
    • ss (+) RNA, envoloped
  • Mutates at an unusually rapid rate, even for an RNA virus
  • Highly infectious
  • Respiratory disease
  • Subclinical infections common
  • Sheedding intermediate
A

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv)

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of abortion in swine?

A

PRRSV

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19
Q

PRRSv infects and destroys _____________ in the lungs

A

macrophages
- important for removing bacteria and inflammatory debris from the lungs

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20
Q

What are the main tests for PRRSv?

A
  • PCR
  • Virus sequencing
  • IHC
  • ELISA
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21
Q

Porcine Circovirus Type II (PCV2)

A

Porcine Circovirus Type II (PCV2)

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22
Q

List the tissues needed to address the multisystemic and variable nature of PCVAD:

A
  • Tonsil
  • Lymph nodes (several from different sites)
  • Spleen
  • Ileum (Peyer’s Patches)
  • Lung
  • Kidney
  • Skin
  • Liver
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23
Q

(T/F) PCV2 vaccines are available, and they work

A

True

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24
Q

Definition:
Is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). The virus preferentially targets the lymphoid tissues, which leads to lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs

A

Porcine Circovirus Type II

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25
Q

Influenza A Virus (IAV)

A

Influenza A Virus (IAV)

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26
Q
  • Enveloped Virus
  • (-) Stranded RNA Virus
  • Antigenic Drift
    - minor antigenic changes over time due to point mutations
  • Antigenic Shift
    - Major antigenic changes due to genomic reassortment
A

Influenza A Virus
- H1N1: Classical Swine Influenza
- High Morbidity, Low Mortality

27
Q

Influenza: Growing Pigs
- Sudden onset, high % affected, low mortality
- “Thumping”, “barling” cough, lethargy, fever
- Rapid recovery in 2-6 days if uncomplicated

A

Acute Flu

28
Q

Influenza: Growing Pigs
- Common in populations with widely varying passive antibody levels
- Common in continuous-flow multiple-barn sites
- Difficult to distinguish from mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Chronic Flu

29
Q
  • Classically seen in pigs over 12 weeks of age
    - Passive antibody persists for 10-16 weeks
  • Nursery pig IAV problems
    - active infection in the breeding herd
    - focus control on breeding herd immunization
A

Influenza: Growing pigs

30
Q

(T/F) It is possible to identify IAV in the fetus

A

False, it is extremely rare to identify IAV in the fetus

31
Q

Gross lesion:
Typically causes patchy anteroventral consolidation

A

Influenza A Virus (IAV)

32
Q

Influenza: Diagnosis
List the Antemortem Diagnostics:

A
  • Nasal swabs, oral fluids, snout wipes
  • PCR, Antigen capture ELISA, Virus Isolation
  • Serology
  • Specific tests for different subtypes
33
Q

Influenza: Diagnosis
List the Post mortem Diagnostics:

A
  • Lung tissue and nasal swabs
34
Q

What is the treatment for IAV?

A
  • Supportive care
  • NSAIDs
  • Electrolytes
  • Control secondary bacterial infections
  • Antibiotics
35
Q

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MPH)

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MPH)

36
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumonia of swine is also known as …

A

Enzootic Pneumonia

37
Q

Characteristics
- Lacks a rigid cell wall
- Gram-negative
- don’t treat with penicillin
- Very small organism
Survival in the enviroment
- 17 days in water at 35-45 F
- Inactivated in 48 hours by drying on cloth

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

38
Q

What is one of the most common and economically important diseases of swine?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo)
- infected pigs grow 12% slower and have poorer feed efficiency
- Losses compounded when with co-infections

39
Q

Why are clinical signs of M. hyo rare in pigs <6 weeks old?

A

Because of the long incubation time, the infection can occur at any age but 3-10 weeks most common

40
Q

Describe the Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma:

A
  • Mycoplasma attach to ciliated cells in the air passages of the respiratory tract and multiply
    - loss of cilia and decreased motility -> impaired clearance mechanism
41
Q

Clinical signs of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections

What is the most significant thing about the acute form?

A

It precedes the chronic form
Acute:
- infection in 3-10 week-old pigs
- Moderate fever, decreased feed intake, a short period of diarrhea

42
Q

Clinical signs of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections

Describe the chronic form:

A
  • Onset of clinical signs 10-21 days post-infection
  • chronic, sporadic, dry, hacking, non-productive cough
  • cough gets more pronounced
  • Dyspnea is rare unless the secondary infection is present
  • High morbidity, low mortality
  • Uneven growth among pen-mates
  • Decreased feed efficiency - up to 15%
43
Q

Gross lesion:
Well-demarcated, dark-colored, anteroventral consolidation

A

Mycoplasmal pneumonia
- Histopathology: Peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia characteristic of mycoplasmal pneumonia

44
Q

List M. hyo diagnosis:

A
  • FA or IHC
  • detect colonization by PCR
  • Serology: CF and ELISA
45
Q

List M. hyo control:

A
  • Several good M. hyo vaccines on the market
  • MEW (12-15 days)
  • AIAO pig flow
46
Q

Both IAV and M. hyo are anteroventral, airway-associated disease how do you differentiate them?

A
  • Patchy AV consolidation – more likely to be IAV
  • Consolidation of entire AV lobe – more likely to be M. hyo
47
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

Pasteurella multocida

48
Q

What is NOT a primary cause of pneumonia?

A

Pasturella multocida Pneumonia
- Little known about the pathogenesis
- Diagnosis:
- Culture and sensitivity
- Sort out primary causes

49
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) and Actinobacillus suis

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) and Actinobacillus suis

50
Q

List the two primary differentials for Hemorrhagic and Necrotizing Pleuropneumonia:

A
  • Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP)
  • Actinobacillus suis (A. suis)
    Both can cause acute death in grow/finish pigs
51
Q
  • Gram-negative coccobacillary rod
  • Infects only swine
  • At least 15 recognized serotypes
  • Moderately resistant to enviroment
A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
- pigs that survive often remain carriers
- spread by direct contact and droplets over a short distance
- poor husbandry & stress promote the disease

52
Q
  • Acute Outbreaks:
    • “Sudden death” - especially in finisher hogs
    • Prostration, high fever, anorexia
    • Sometimes a shallow non-productive cough (not an airway irritant)
    • Dyspnea with open-mouth breathing
    • Bloody discharge from nose and mouth
    • Mortality can reach 10% in one day
    • Pigs quit eating AND drinking
  • Chronic Infections:
    • Chronic cough
    • Slow growth
      These are clinical signs for:
A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
- contagious
- transmission by close contact and short-distance aerosols
- Many pigs harbor organisms in the upper airways

53
Q

Gross lesions:
- Blood-tinged fluid in the thorax
- Bloody froth in the airways
- Confined to the thorax

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
- “black cigars”

54
Q

What is the treatment for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)?

A
  • ANTIBIOTICS asap
  • Ventilation
  • Vaccination
  • Different sources of pigs
55
Q
  • Gram-negative, non-motile, non-encapsulated, very hemolytic, aerobic coccobacillus
  • Grows well on blood agar and MacConkey
  • Multiple serotypes have been identified
A

Actinobacillus suis
- Age-related syndromes are recognized
- no commercially available vaccines

56
Q

Where does A. suis reside?

A

In tonsils & nostrils of healthy pigs of any age and the vaginas of healthy sows

57
Q

A. suis vs. APP
Currently, if a pig has a hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia, the lesion is slightly more likely to be caused by ____(a)______ than _____(b)_______

A

(a) A. suis
(b) APP
Treat like APP, hope is A. suis

58
Q

(T/F) A. suis and APP can be reliably differentiated based on gross or microscopic lesions

A

False

59
Q

Atrophic Rhinitis

A

Atrophic Rhinitis

60
Q

“Two Pathogen Party”
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Pasteurella multocida (second)

A

Atrophic Rhinitis
- Morbidity: can be high
- Mortality: negligible
- Retardation of growth - the most costly aspect of AR
- Loss of turbinate function - may predispose affected pigs to pneumonia

61
Q

List the clinical signs of Atrophic Rhinitis:

A
  • Deviated snout: sideways or pushed up
  • Tear staining at medial canthus
  • sneezing – beginning in nursery
  • Bleeding from nostrils and crusting of the snout
62
Q

List diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis:

A
  • Standard culture – not definitive as both PM and BB are common isolates
  • PCR - used to detect toxin gene in Pasteurella multocida
  • Probed to detect the toxin-producing genes of both PM and BB
63
Q

List prevention and control for AR:

A

Usually requires a combination of actions involving:
- Vaccination
- Medication
- Enviroment
- Management

64
Q

(T/F) The contribution od P. multocida to pneumonia is usually secondary to other infectious diseases or environmental factors that impair pulmonary function

A

True

Respiratory Sys Exam 2 (3 decks)

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