Module 6 part 1 Flashcards
Specializations in Subphylum Vertebrata
Living endoskeleton, Functioning pharynx and efficient respiration, Advanced nervous system, Paired limbs.
Craniation in Vertebrates
The formation of the head coordinates more complex movement and feeding behaviours.
Hox Genes in Craniates
Craniates have two clusters of Hox genes; lancelets and tunicates have only one.
Superclass Agnatha
Jawless fishes, lacking jaws, internal ossification, scales, and paired fins; with porelike gill openings and eel-like body plans.
Class Myxini
Hagfishes are scavengers and predators with slime glands for predation escape and a cartilaginous skull.
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Lampreys have keratinised teeth, seven gill pairs, and a long larval stage called ammocoete.
Superclass Gnathostomata
Jawed vertebrates with diverse body plans, locomotion, and habitats.
Subclass Elasmobranchii - Sharks
Sharks detect bioelectric fields using Ampullae of Lorenzini and vibrations with a lateral line system.
Subclass Elasmobranchii - Rays
Rays are dorsoventrally flattened with large pectoral fins fused with the head.
Subclass Holocephali
Chimaeras with flat plate-like jaws and an upper jaw fused to the cranium.
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fishes with endochondral bone, lungs or swim bladder, and a bony operculum covering the gills.
Class Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishes with fins supported by lepidotrichia, operculum for gill protection, and a swim bladder for buoyancy.
Class Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned fishes with cosmine scales and a vascularised swim bladder for respiration and buoyancy.
Tetrapods Adaptations
Strong skeletal framework, lungs, paired nostrils, double circulation, and modified sensory receptors for land.
Derived Characteristics of Amniotes
Amniotic egg with protective membranes: Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois.
Class Amphibia
Tetrapods with smooth, moist skin, ectothermic, and forelimbs usually with four digits.
Order Gymnophioda
Caecilians are burrowing or aquatic carnivores, often blind as adults.
Order Caudata
Salamanders, some exhibit paedomorphosis, maintaining larval traits into adulthood.
Order Anura
Frogs and toads with keratinised skin for protection against abrasion and water loss.
Class Reptilia
Reptiles have a shelled amniotic egg, keratinised skin, powerful jaws, and internal fertilisation.
Order Anapsida
Turtles and tortoises enclosed in shells with dorsal carapace and ventral plastron.
Order Squamata
Lizards, snakes, and worm lizards.
Order Crocodilia
Crocodiles and alligators with a secondary palate and a four-chambered heart.
Class Aves
Birds evolved feathers for flight, hollow bones, specialised bills, are endothermic, and have a high metabolic rate.
