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Biology 1st Semester > Combined module 6 with notes > Flashcards

Combined module 6 with notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Specializations in Subphylum Vertebrata

A

Living endoskeleton, Functioning pharynx and efficient respiration, Advanced nervous system, Paired limbs.

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2
Q

Craniation in Vertebrates

A

The formation of the head coordinates more complex movement and feeding behaviours.

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3
Q

Hox Genes in Craniates

A

Craniates have two clusters of Hox genes; lancelets and tunicates have only one.

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4
Q

Superclass Agnatha

A

Jawless fishes, lacking jaws, internal ossification, scales, and paired fins; with porelike gill openings and eel-like body plans.

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5
Q

Class Myxini

A

Hagfishes are scavengers and predators with slime glands for predation escape and a cartilaginous skull.

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6
Q

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

A

Lampreys have keratinised teeth, seven gill pairs, and a long larval stage called ammocoete.

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7
Q

Superclass Gnathostomata

A

Jawed vertebrates with diverse body plans, locomotion, and habitats.

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8
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii - Sharks

A

Sharks detect bioelectric fields using Ampullae of Lorenzini and vibrations with a lateral line system.

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9
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii - Rays

A

Rays are dorsoventrally flattened with large pectoral fins fused with the head.

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10
Q

Subclass Holocephali

A

Chimaeras with flat plate-like jaws and an upper jaw fused to the cranium.

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11
Q

Class Osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes with endochondral bone, lungs or swim bladder, and a bony operculum covering the gills.

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12
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fishes with fins supported by lepidotrichia, operculum for gill protection, and a swim bladder for buoyancy.

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13
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fishes with cosmine scales and a vascularised swim bladder for respiration and buoyancy.

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14
Q

Tetrapods Adaptations

A

Strong skeletal framework, lungs, paired nostrils, double circulation, and modified sensory receptors for land.

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15
Q

Derived Characteristics of Amniotes

A

Amniotic egg with protective membranes: Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois.

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16
Q

Class Amphibia

A

Tetrapods with smooth, moist skin, ectothermic, and forelimbs usually with four digits.

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17
Q

Order Gymnophioda

A

Caecilians are burrowing or aquatic carnivores, often blind as adults.

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18
Q

Order Caudata

A

Salamanders, some exhibit paedomorphosis, maintaining larval traits into adulthood.

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19
Q

Order Anura

A

Frogs and toads with keratinised skin for protection against abrasion and water loss.

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20
Q

Class Reptilia

A

Reptiles have a shelled amniotic egg, keratinised skin, powerful jaws, and internal fertilisation.

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21
Q

Order Anapsida

A

Turtles and tortoises enclosed in shells with dorsal carapace and ventral plastron.

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22
Q

Order Squamata

A

Lizards, snakes, and worm lizards.

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23
Q

Order Crocodilia

A

Crocodiles and alligators with a secondary palate and a four-chambered heart.

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24
Q

Class Aves

A

Birds evolved feathers for flight, hollow bones, specialised bills, are endothermic, and have a high metabolic rate.

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25
Q

Class Mammalia

A

Mammals have mammary glands, hair, high metabolic rates, larger brains, and differentiated teeth.

26
Q

Order Primates

A

Primates have grasping hands, flat nails, fully opposable thumbs, and the species Homo sapiens evolved about 200,000 years ago.

27
Q

Evolutionary Specializations of Vertebrates

A

Living endoskeleton, Functioning pharynx and respiration, Advanced nervous system, Paired limbs.

28
Q

Craniation Significance

A

Formation of the head enables complex movement and feeding behaviours.

29
Q

Superclass Agnatha Features

A

Jawless, lack internal ossification, scales, paired fins; eel-like body with porelike gill openings.

30
Q

Class Myxini Key Traits

A

Hagfishes with slime glands for escape, cartilaginous skull, and sensory adaptations for poor eyesight.

31
Q

Class Cephalaspidomorphi Characteristics

A

Lampreys with keratinised teeth, seven gill pairs, and long larval stage called ammocoete.

32
Q

Chondrichthyes: Sharks

A

Bioelectric field detection via Ampullae of Lorenzini; mechanoreceptors in lateral line sense prey vibrations.

33
Q

Chondrichthyes: Rays

A

Dorsoventrally flattened body with fused pectoral fins; adaptations for bottom-dwelling.

34
Q

Class Osteichthyes Traits

A

Bony fishes with endochondral bone, swim bladder or lungs, and bony operculum covering gills.

35
Q

Subclass Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fishes with dermal rays in fins, operculum, and buoyancy swim bladder.

36
Q

Subclass Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fishes with cosmine-covered scales and vascularised swim bladder for respiration.

37
Q

Tetrapod Adaptations to Land

A

Strong skeletal structure, lungs, paired nostrils, double circulation, and sensory adaptations.

38
Q

Class Amphibia Traits

A

Ectothermic with smooth skin; forelimbs usually have four digits.

39
Q

Order Gymnophioda

A

Caecilians with small eyes; burrowing or aquatic carnivores.

40
Q

Order Caudata Traits

A

Salamanders with rudimentary limbs in some forms; some retain larval traits (paedomorphosis).

41
Q

Class Reptilia Characteristics

A

Keratinised skin, shelled amniotic egg, powerful jaw closure, and internal fertilisation.

42
Q

Order Anapsida Traits

A

Turtles and tortoises with rigid shells, dorsal carapace, and ventral plastron.

43
Q

Order Crocodilia Features

A

Crocodiles and alligators with four-chambered heart and secondary palate.

44
Q

Class Aves Characteristics

A

Feathers, hollow bones, specialised beaks, endothermic, and high metabolic rate for flight.

45
Q

Class Mammalia Features

A

Mammals with mammary glands, hair, larger brains, and differentiated teeth.

46
Q

Deuterostomia Groups

A

Hemichordata, Chordata, Echinodermata.

47
Q

Tube Feet Components

A

Ampulla and podium.

48
Q

Class Asteroidea Key Features

A

Sea stars and sea daisies use tube feet for locomotion, attachment, gripping. Can regenerate arms if the central disk remains intact.

49
Q

Class Ophiuroidea Key Features

A

Brittle stars and basket stars with a distinct central disk and serpentine arm movements. Openings on the oral side.

50
Q

Class Echinoidea Key Features

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars with a compact body enclosed in a chitinous test. Locomotion via tube feet and spines.

51
Q

Class Holothuroidea Key Features

A

Sea cucumbers with soft bodies, respiratory trees, and defensive vomiting of respiratory systems.

52
Q

Class Crinoidea Key Features

A

Feather stars and sea lilies attach using cirri, often colorful with skin toxins.

53
Q

Hemichordata Features

A

Possess gill slits and restricted dorsal tubular nerve cord. Buccal diverticulum present.

54
Q

Chordata Hallmark Characteristics

A

Dorsal tubular nerve cord, supportive notochord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

55
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii Characteristics

A

Sharks and rays with paired fins, bioelectric field detection, and nitrogenous compound retention.

56
Q

Subclass Holocephali Characteristics

A

Chimaeras with flat plate-like jaws fused to the cranium.

57
Q

Tetrapods Adaptations

A

Adapted to oxygen content, density, temperature regulation, and habitat diversity.

58
Q

Amniotes Derived Characteristics

A

Amniotic egg with protective membranes: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.

59
Q

Class Amphibia Breathing

A

Can breathe through the skin if moist. Relies on external fertilization and aquatic habitats.

60
Q

Class Mammalia Unique Traits

A

Live birth, mammary glands, hair, endothermy, and differentiated teeth.

61
Q

Marsupials Development

A

Young finish developmental stages in the mother’s pouch, e.g., kangaroos and koalas.

62
Q

Monotremes Features

A

Egg-laying mammals like platypus and echidnas.

Biology 1st Semester (4 decks)

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