Module 05 Biodiversity and Taxonomy Part 3

Question 1

Clade Lophotrochozoa - General Traits

Answer 1

Bilaterally symmetrical; Lophophore – crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding; Trochophore – larval stage; Most diverse in terms of bilaterally symmetrical body plans

Question 2

Clade Lophotrochozoa - Lophophore

Answer 2

Crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding

Question 3

Clade Lophotrochozoa - Trochophore

Answer 3

Larval stage observed in Lophotrochozoa

Question 4

Clade Lophotrochozoa - Diversity

Answer 4

Most diverse group in terms of bilaterally symmetrical body plans

Question 5

Clade Lophotrochozoa - Ectoprocts

Answer 5

Ectoprocts resemble moss, encased with an exoskeleton studded with pores; Example: Plumatella repens

Question 6

Clade Lophotrochozoa - Brachiopods

Answer 6

Lamp shells that resemble molluscs, open dorso-ventrally; Example: Terabratulina retusa

Question 7

Phylum Platyhelminthes - General Traits

Answer 7

Flatworms; Includes parasitic species like flukes and tapeworms; Acoelomates

Question 8

Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flame Bulbs

Answer 8

Protonephridia called flame bulbs for gas and osmotic exchange with the environment

Question 9

Phylum Platyhelminthes - Trematode Schistosoma mansoni

Answer 9

Parasitic worm with complex life cycle, alternating sexual and asexual stages

Question 10

Phylum Platyhelminthes - Tapeworm Taenia sp.

Answer 10

Reproduces via proglottids, sacs of sex organs

Question 11

Class Polyplacophora - Structure

Answer 11

Covered with eight dorsal plates

Question 12

Class Polyplacophora - Feeding

Answer 12

Uses radula to scrape algae off rock surfaces; Example: Acanthopleura sp.

Question 13

Class Scaphopoda - General Traits

Answer 13

Tusk shells; Benthic organisms that bury under sediment; Feed on foraminiferans; Example: Dentalium sp.

Question 14

Class Gastropoda - Torsion

Answer 14

Undergo torsion, a twisting process during development

Question 15

Class Gastropoda - Operculum

Answer 15

Opening covered by an operculum for protection

Question 16

Class Gastropoda - Example

Answer 16

Example: Thiara sp.

Question 17

Class Bivalvia - Shell

Answer 17

Shells divided into two hinged halves, using adductor muscles to draw them together

Question 18

Class Bivalvia - Byssal Threads

Answer 18

Release byssal threads to adhere to surfaces

Question 19

Class Bivalvia - Feeding

Answer 19

Filter feeders, deposit feeders, detritivores

Question 20

Class Bivalvia - Examples

Answer 20

Examples include Pinctada margaritifera, Mytilidae, Teredinidae

Question 21

Class Cephalopoda - Predation

Answer 21

Active marine predators, use tentacles to grasp prey

Question 22

Class Cephalopoda - Siphon

Answer 22

Foot has evolved into a siphon for propulsion

Question 23

Class Cephalopoda - Circulatory System

Answer 23

Closed circulatory system

Question 24

Class Cephalopoda - Brain

Answer 24

Possess a complex brain, advanced for invertebrates

Question 25

Cephalopod Adaptations - Ink Production

Answer 25

Produce ink as a defense mechanism

Question 26

Cephalopod Adaptations - Skin Pigments

Answer 26

Have chromatophores, iridophores, leucophores for color change

Question 27

Ecological Roles of Molluscs - Calcium

Answer 27

Molluscs are a major source of calcium in ecosystems

Question 28

Ecological Roles of Molluscs - Habitat

Answer 28

Provide habitat for various marine species

Question 29

Ecological Roles of Molluscs - Parasites

Answer 29

Act as intermediate hosts to parasites

Question 30

Ecological Roles of Molluscs - Nutrient Cycling

Answer 30

Contribute to nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems

Question 31

Phylum Annelida - General Traits

Answer 31

Coelomates, segmented worms; Active predators, suspension or deposit feeders

Question 32

Phylum Annelida - Epitoky

Answer 32

Reproduction may occur as epitoky in some annelids

Question 33

Subclass Polychaeta - Parapodia

Answer 33

Have parapodia, paddle-like or ridge-like structures for locomotion

Question 34

Subclass Polychaeta - Chaetae

Answer 34

Each parapodium has chaetae, bristles made of chitin

Question 35

Subclass Polychaeta - Example

Answer 35

Example: Spirobranchus giganteus

Question 36

Subclass Oligochaeta - Chaetae

Answer 36

Have sparse chaetae

Question 37

Subclass Oligochaeta - Clitellum

Answer 37

Possess clitellum for alignment during sexual reproduction

Question 38

Subclass Hirudinea - Leeches

Answer 38

Leeches possess bladelike jaws to slit the skin of their host

Question 39

Subclass Hirudinea - Hirudin

Answer 39

Secrete hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating at incision site

Question 40

Clade Ecdysozoa - Cuticle

Answer 40

Possess an external coat called the cuticle

Question 41

Clade Ecdysozoa - Ecdysis

Answer 41

Undergo moulting, or ecdysis, to grow

Question 42

Phylum Nematoda - Parasitism

Answer 42

Parasitize almost every type of animal and many plants

Question 43

Phylum Nematoda - Population

Answer 43

Most numerous animals on Earth, found almost everywhere

Question 44

Phylum Nematoda - Cuticle Composition

Answer 44

Syncytial cuticle largely made of collagen

Question 45

Phylum Nematoda - Muscles

Answer 45

Muscles run longitudinally; lack cilia or flagella

Question 46

Phylum Nematoda - Example

Answer 46

Example: Trichinella spiralis

Question 47

Phylum Nematomorpha - Digestive System

Answer 47

Horsehair worms with vestigial digestive systems, absorb nutrition through body wall

Question 48

Phylum Nematomorpha - Example

Answer 48

Example: Paragordius sp.

Question 49

Phylum Tardigrada - Tardigrades

Answer 49

Known as water bears; rounded shape, stubby appendages; lack antennae

Question 50

Phylum Tardigrada - Example

Answer 50

Example: Milnesium tardigradum

Question 51

Phylum Onychophora - Velvet Worms

Answer 51

Possess fleshy antennae, saclike legs; oral papillae secrete slime to deter predators or capture prey

Question 52

Phylum Onychophora - Example

Answer 52

Example: Pazurnica sp.

Question 53

Phylum Arthropoda - Abundance

Answer 53

Estimated to have about a billion arthropods living on Earth

Question 54

Phylum Arthropoda - Species Ratio

Answer 54

Two out of every three known species are arthropods

Question 55

Phylum Arthropoda - General Traits

Answer 55

Segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

Question 56

Subphylum Chelicerata - Mouthparts

Answer 56

Arthropods with chelicerae, claw-like mouthparts

Question 57

Subphylum Myriapoda - Legs

Answer 57

Millipedes and centipedes differ in number of legs per trunk segment

Question 58

Subphylum Crustacea - Appendages

Answer 58

Have two pairs of antennae; appendages specialized, regenerate lost appendages

Question 59

Subphylum Hexapoda - Flight Evolution

Answer 59

Flight evolution allowed an explosion in insect diversity

Question 60

Subphylum Hexapoda - Flowering Plants

Answer 60

Insect diversity increased due to the expansion of flowering plants

Question 61

Subphylum Hexapoda - Incomplete Metamorphosis

Answer 61

Nymph stage resembles adults, lacks wings, metamorphosis via moulting

Question 62

Subphylum Hexapoda - Complete Metamorphosis

Answer 62

Larval stage looks entirely different from adult, transforms in pupal stage

Question 63

Order Hemiptera - Traits

Answer 63

True bugs with incomplete metamorphosis; piercing, sucking mouthparts; two pairs of wings

Question 64

Order Orthoptera - Jumping Legs

Answer 64

Grasshoppers, crickets have large hind legs for jumping; incomplete metamorphosis

Question 65

Order Coleoptera - Beetle Traits

Answer 65

Beetles with complete metamorphosis; two pairs of wings, armored exoskeleton, mouthparts for biting and chewing

Question 66

Order Diptera - Wings and Mouthparts

Answer 66

Flies, mosquitoes with one pair of wings; second pair for balance (halterers); adapted mouthparts

Question 67

Order Hymenoptera - Stinging Organ

Answer 67

Ants, bees, wasps have stinging organ; complete metamorphosis; two pairs of wings

Question 68

Order Lepidoptera - Proboscis

Answer 68

Butterflies, moths have a proboscis for feeding; two pairs of wings with scales; complete metamorphosis