🌪️ • Module 6 : Natural Hazards Flashcards
What are the three main layers of the Earth?
Crust, mantle, and core.
What are tectonic plates?
Large sections of the Earth’s crust that move due to convection currents in the mantle.
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Constructive (diverging), destructive (converging), and conservative (sliding past each other).
What causes earthquakes?
Sudden movement of tectonic plates along a fault line.
What causes volcanoes?
Magma rises to the surface through cracks in the Earth’s crust, often at plate boundaries.
How is earthquake magnitude measured?
Using the Richter scale.
Where do tropical cyclones form?
Between 5° and 20° north and south of the equator.
What conditions are needed for a cyclone to form?
Warm ocean temperatures (at least 27°C) and a depth of at least 60 cm.
What are the main causes of flooding?
Heavy rainfall, prolonged rain, snowmelt, land relief, saturated soil, urbanization, deforestation, storm surges, and tsunamis.
What causes drought?
Lack of rain due to prolonged high pressure, El Niño, La Niña, and climate change.
What are the effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people?
Damage to buildings, landslides, tsunamis, fires, disease outbreaks, and financial loss.
How do tropical cyclones impact people and the environment?
Flooding, infrastructure damage, loss of life, loss of crops, water-related diseases.
What are the effects of flooding?
Contaminated water, disease, loss of life, livestock, crops, and infrastructure.
What are the effects of drought?
Water sources dry up, food shortages, desertification, wildfires, air pollution.
How can we prepare for earthquakes?
Monitoring, land-use zoning, earthquake-resistant buildings, emergency drills, rescue teams.
How can we manage tropical cyclones?
Monitoring, strong building structures, evacuation plans, emergency shelters.
What flood management techniques exist?
Storm hydrographs, flood defenses, emergency shelters, rebuilding, rescue operations.
How can drought be managed?
Water conservation, desalination, reservoirs, wells, rainwater harvesting, international aid.
What benefits can floods bring?
They deposit nutrient-rich silt on farmland.
How do volcanoes benefit people?
They create fertile soils, provide minerals, and offer geothermal energy.
