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KIN 316 - Biomechanics of Tissue > Module 6 - Muscle Force-Velocity Relationship > Flashcards

Module 6 - Muscle Force-Velocity Relationship Flashcards

1
Q

What does the force-length relationship describe?

A
  • Sarcomere or muscle behaviour at a constant length
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2
Q

What do most daily activities involve?

A
  • Muscle shortening or lengthening
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3
Q

What describes daily activities better force-length or force-velocity relationship?

A
  • Force-velocity relationship
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4
Q

What does the force-velocity relationship describe?

A
  • Force generated by a muscle as a function of velocity under constant load (isotonic)
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5
Q

What is the most important dynamic property of muscles?

A
  • Force-Velocity relationship
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6
Q

Is the force-velocity relationship linked to a specific anatomical structure?

A
  • No
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7
Q

What does the force-velocity relationship describe?

A
  • Muscle force under concentric isometric and eccentric muscle actions
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8
Q

What happens during a concentric action?

A
  • Lift a load smaller than max
  • Isometric tension generated
  • Muscle shortens
  • Force smaller than P0
  • As load increases, velocity decreases
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9
Q

What happens during an eccentric action?

A
  • Load is larger than the max
  • Isometric tension generated
  • Muscle lengthens
  • Force larger than P0
  • Absolute tension independent of volocity
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10
Q

What is larger? tension for eccentric action or concentric action

A
  • Eccentric Action
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11
Q

What is the force-velocity relationship for concentric action?

A
  • Force drops rapidly as velocity increases (50%Fmax, 17%Vmax)
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12
Q

What are the therapeutic implications of the force-velocity relationship of a concentric action?

A
  • Muscles are strengthened at least partly based on force placed across them
  • Exercise at high velocity imply muscles are contracting with low force
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13
Q

What is a general rule to improve strengthening with concentric action?

A
  • Keep velocity low
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14
Q

What might high velocity do for concentric action?

A
  • Improve muscle activation by CNS
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15
Q

What is common following eccentric action exercise?

A
  • Muscle soreness
  • INjury
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16
Q

What are the greatest muscle-strengthening techniques?

A
  • Eccentric Action exercise
  • Maximum Force
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17
Q

Why might eccentric exercise be a good option for those with breathing disorders?

A
  • low energic cost
  • High force generation
  • improves muscle force generation
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18
Q

What issues might arise from eccentric exercise?

A
  • Delayed Onset Muscle System (DOMS)
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19
Q

What must be done with eccentric exercise to limit DOMS?

A
  • Magnitude and Duration increases gradually
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20
Q

What does the active force during the concentric action of a muscle depend on?

A
  • Total number of cross-bridge connections between actin and myosin
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21
Q

What does the cross-bridge model account for during eccentric action?

A
  • can account for increased force
  • The proportion of attached cross-bridges increases
  • cross-bridges distribution distances increase
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22
Q

What can the cross-bridge model not explain in eccentric forces?

A
  • Force increase for slow stretching velocities
  • energy requirements are overestimated
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23
Q

Are isometric strength and muscle velocity the same thing?

A

NO
- two distinct muscular abilities

24
Q

What must we be careful about when examining a patient?

A
  • the test we choose to evaluate strength
25
Q

What are the tests to test strength?

A
  • one repetition maxima
    vs
  • Maximal Isometric force at a specific joint angle
26
Q

What are the domains of muscular strength testing?

A
  • Static
  • Dynamic
  • Explosive
  • Stoppin
27
Q

What corresponds closely with force-velocity relationship?

A
  • Domains of muscular strength testing
28
Q

Does the shape of force-velocity curve change with training?

A

No
- Can be shifted upwards (towards Fmax)
- Rightward (towards Vmax)

29
Q

What does an upward shift in force-velocity curve mean?

A
  • Movement towards Fmax
30
Q

What does a rightward shift in force-velocity curve mean?

A
  • Movement towards Vmax
31
Q

What would athletes maximizing movement speed train with?

A
  • lower weights
  • Higher speeds of movement
32
Q

What would athletes who are maximizing force output train with?

A
  • Higher weights
  • Lower repetitions
33
Q

What part of the muscle does the force-velocity relationship correlate with?

A
  • Whole Muscle
34
Q

What are the effects of muscle length between two muscles with identical physiological cross-sectional area?

A
  • Increases Vmax
  • Peak tension developed by the muscle remains the same
35
Q

What does a muscle with a longer fiber have?

A
  • more sarcomeres arranged in series
36
Q

What do longer muscle fibers with more sarcomeres arranged in series have?

A
  • slower sarcomere shortening velocity (for same muscle shortening velocity)
37
Q

What is the force-velocity profile of predominantly FF motor units (FG fibers) compared to S motor units (SO fibers)?

A

Given same number of sarcomeres in series
- Generate greater velocity of shortening for FF motor units

38
Q

What is the peak tension of FF motor units?

A
  • 25-50ms
39
Q

What is the peak tension of S motor Units?

A
  • 60-120ms
40
Q

According to the force-length-velocity relationship, why would muscle force change?

A
  • Change in length
  • Change in velocity
41
Q

Why are the force-length and force-velocity relationships fairly unrealistic?

A

They require the force at:
- constant length
OR
- constant load

42
Q

What can the force-length-velocity relationship estimate?

A
  • Muscle force produced when both length and velocity change
43
Q

When the muscle shortening velocity is high, like in concentric action, how will force be affected?

A

The force will be low
- irrespective of muscle length

44
Q

What is an important force modulator at low concentric velocities?

A
  • Muscle Length
45
Q

What dominates length as a determinant of muscle force for slow-lengthening velocities like in eccentric actions?

A
  • Muscle Velocity
46
Q

What does strength training do to muscles?

A
  • Makes them intrinsically slower
47
Q

What is larger from strength training the hypertrophy of Slow Oxidative fibers or Fast-glycolytic fibers?

A
  • Slow-Oxidative Fibers
48
Q

What might happen to slow fibers following strength training?

A
  • Increase in proportion
49
Q

Compare the shortening time of fast muscle fibers to slow muscle fibers when accounting for muscle length differences

A
  • Fast muscle fibers shorten 2-3 times faster than slow muscle fibers
50
Q

What does strength training do relative to PCSA and maximal force?

A
  • Increase both
51
Q

Why would you recommend strength training for high-level sprinters?

A
  • Decrease in Muscle Velocity correlates to an Increase in Muscle Force
52
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

P = F * V
P = Power
F = Force
V = Velocity

53
Q

What can increasing muscle force do?

A
  • Increase Muscle Power
54
Q

When does power reach its peak during muscle shortening?

A
  • Around 30-50% velocity
55
Q

When does peak power not occur?

A

At either extreme of
- Force
- Velocity

56
Q

What is running speed correlated with?

A

Muscular and Structural Factors
- Percentage of fast-twitch fibers
- Length of muscle fascicles

KIN 316 - Biomechanics of Tissue (11 decks)

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