Module 6 (midterm 2) Flashcards
Stereotypes
Oversimplified assumptions about the qualities and characteristics of people based solely on their membership in a group
Stereotypes assume that all people in a group share:
The exact same attributes (qualities, characteristics)
Stereotypes can be based on
Any social group
-sex, gender identity, race, social class, weight, height, residence, ethnicity, religion, etc
Positive stereotypes:
Black people are good at basketball
Negative stereotypes
Pro female sports are inferior to male pro sports
Why do we all hold stereotypes
They are cognitive shortcuts that immediately come to mind when we see someone as belonging to a specific social group
Stereotypes help us
Simplify the world
-but they lead to prejudice which leads to discrimination
Prejudice
Unjustified, pre conceived negative attitude or belief about a person based solely on their membership in a social group
3 Components of Prejuice
Cognitive, Affective/ emotional, Conative
Cognitive Prejudice:
Based on our stereotypes
-what people believe is true about a group
Affective/ Emotional Prejudice
Based on our feeling (anger, hate, pity)
-likes and dislikes about a group
Conative Prejudice
How we are included to behave
-but not act on it
The three components of prejudice are related, but:
Don’t all have to exist for discrimination to occur
Discrimination
Unfair, biased, negative actions or decisions that treat a person or group unequally
Prejudice of Discrimination
Unequal treatment of others based on their perceived or actual membership in a protected group
Discrimination maintains privileges for the what group
Dominant
-privileged, non marginalized at the cost of depriving underprivileged, marginalized groups
Dominant groups
Privileged, non-marginalized
Subordinate Groups
Underprivileged, marginalized
Privilege
Unearned and mostly unacknowledged societal advantage that a restricted group of people has over another group(s)
Discrimination is a social what and what phenomenon
A socially structured and sanctioned phenomenon, justified by the dominant ideology
Dominant Ideolofy
A set of common values, beliefs, or ideas shared by most people in a society
Dominant ideologies frame how most people think about
A range of topics (politics, economic, science, PA)
-built upon perspectives and ideas favoured by the dominant group in a society and serves their interests
Dominant ideology requires seeing the
General in the particular
-to recognize the larger pattern and impacts of dominant ideology
What’s a “Norm”
Informal rules that no live one expected/ standard way of thinking, feeling, and behaving established by a dominant group
Norms are expressed in interaction within and between:
Individuals and institutions
-family, work, school, health care, religion
Socially Structured
Distinctive, stable pattern of social relationships, integrated within a society
Social Sanctions
Actions used in response to behaviour deemed abnormal by society (to enforce normative guidelines)
Violators of norms are considered:
Deviant and stigmatized (shamed or disgraced)
Formal Sanctions
Based on laws and enforced by actions taken by government entities (police)
Informal Sanctions
Carried out by individuals or groups to other individuals or groups without the use of formal systems
De Jure Discrimination
Mandated by law or policy
-slavery, hate crimes, laws prohibiting gays
-racial minorities prohibited from playing on pro baseball teams in early 1900s
POLICY= DE JURE
-need to have at least 20 females here
De Facto Discrimination
Without legal basis but sanctioned and evidence by custom or practice
-specific positions in sports (white guys playing QB or PG)
NO POLICY- don’t have to have 55% white, 45% black
Ex Post Facto Discrimination
Situation happens AFTER an event has occurred
-an event is described, but the situation happens AFTER
Direct Discrimination
People are treated less favourably than others because:
-they have a protected (by a law) personal attribute/ characteristic
-others think they have a protected personal attribute/ characteristic
-they are connected to someone with that protected personal attribute/ characteristic
-obvious and detectable
Interpersonal:
Interactions between individuals in which an individual is treated unfairly based on their real OR perceived membership in a group, with a protected personal attribute/ characteristic
-at least one or more individuals being treated poorly
Institutional Discirmination
Biases and oppression structured/ embedded in social institutions
-policies and procedures within an institution systematically disadvantages members of a group
-can be direct and/ or indirect
ex) Institution of media coverage of women athletes account for 5.4% of total sports coverage, yet they make up 40% of all sport participants
Indirect Discrimination
-policies, practices, or procedures are in place that appear to treat everyone equally, but in reality unfairly disadvantaged people with protected personal attributions/ characteristics
-ex) governing sport body for volleyball requires a certain style of uniform (bikinis in beach vball)
Discrimination
Any action that excludes, isolates, imposes differential treatment, or deprives someone of equal rights, dignity, and freedom
-based upon social determinants
Not Discrimination:
A standard, practice, or rule that creates distinction based on a personal characteristic when;
1) It’s adopted for a purpose other is rationally connected to performance of the job/ service
2) It is adopted in good faith
3) It is necessary to accomplish the purpose/ goal
Sex
Set of biological variables, primarily associated with psychological and physical indicators
-female, male, or intersex
Gender
Norms (attitudes, thought, feelings, behaviours) that a society associates with, values, and expects, based on ones biological sex
-learned through socialization in a society
Gender Normative
Align with societies expectations (vary by society) of feminist and masculinity
Gender Non- Conformity
Expressing ones gender in a way that does not align with a societies gender norms
Binary/ DIchotomous
Girl/ woman or boy/ man, to fluid and diverse
Gender Identity
Innermost self conception of ones gender, as being a woman, man, or transgender
Cisgender
Self identified gender matches assigned biological sex at birth
-“normal”
Transgender
Self identified gender does not match assigned biological sex at birth
Transgender Woman
Biologically assigned male at birth, identifies as a woman
Transgender man
Biologically assigned female at birth, identifies as a man
Midgendering
Referring to someone using language, such as pronouns, former names, or form of address that does not match their gender identity
Sexual Orientation
Enduring disposition to experience romantic or sexual desires for, and relationships with, people of :
One’s same sex,
Opposite sex,
Or both
Heterosexual
Identify, attraction and behaviour for and with opposite sex
-straight
Lesbian or Gay
-same sex attraction
Asexual
No attraction and behaviour for and with either sex
-don’t like either
Two Spirited
Identify as having both a masculine and a feminine spirit
-used by some indigenous for sexual or spiritual
LGBTQ2S+
Lesbian, bisexual, gay, trans, queer, 2 spirit
Sexism
Discrimination based on prejudicial ideology that one sex is superior to the other
-most often affects females
Heterosexism
Form of discrimination that favours heterosexual (straight) people over people with other sexual orientations (gay, lesbian, etc)
Heterosexism attempts
To pressure LGBTQ2S+ individuals into conforming (changing their life) to be a heteronormative individuals society
Homophobia
A generalized fear or intolerance of sexual orientation minorities, based on prejudice
Gender Identity Discrimination (transphobia)
Transgender. Gender non- conforming people are treated different than cis- gender (gender conforming) people
How is Transphobia shown
-verbal abuse, dress codes, restrooms, pronouns that do not match
PA Trends in Canada?
Males > females
Heterosex < lesbian, gay, bisexual
Transgender < cis- gender
Gender Logic
Process involving social rules that attempt to organize the relationships of women and men in society
-2 categories of gender
Social Construction
An idea which may appear to be natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality is an intervention of a particular culture or society
-those in one category are “naturally” different than those in the other category
Gender Non- binary
Gender identity is not exclusively a woman or a man
-you’re neither
Gender=
SEX x GENDER NORMS
Femininity
A socially constructed set of characteristics that define an “ideal” woman or girl
-based on being modest, graceful, affectionate, etc
Masculinity
A socially constructed set of characteristics that define an “ideal” man or boy
-based on physical power, brute force, rationale, lack of emotion, etc
When people don’t fit into femininity or maculinity:
They are considered deviant/ odd/ weird
The 2 Category Dichotomous/ Binary system provides no social place for
People who are NOT heterosexual female or male
-serves as the foundation for homophobia
Activities involving physical power and toughness=
Masculinity
Activities of grace, beauty, coordination=
Femininity
For females, historically sport participation meant
Challenging gender norms
-this is why many more non- gender conforming females are “out” in female sports
Are many male athletes “out”
No
-in the 2022 World Cup, not a single male player was “out”
-fear within locker rooms from males
More parents of males thought what was more important for their sons rather than daughters
41% of parents thought sport was important for sons
30% of parents though sport was importance foe daughters
Leaving sport between males and females:
1 in 3 girls leave sport by 16-18, vs
1 in 10 boys at the same age
Why do females leave sport?
-lack of support, low confidence, not feeling welcomed
-lack of time, energy, failure to see themselves as athletes
Why do many males and females leave sport
Concern with appearance/ negative body image
Factors impacting Sport participation for Women/ Girls: Budget Cutbacks and Privatization of Sport Programs
-female sports are most at risk to being cut for budget concerns due to:
1) less well established
2) Less administrative and community support
Factors impacting Sport participation for Women/ Girls: Under Representation of women in Decision making/ leadership positions
-women are underrepresented in leadership positions (coaching)
-only 13% of coaches at Paris olympics were women
-causes lack of role models
Factors impacting Sport participation for Women/ Girls: Focus on Physical Appearance and Body Goals
-improve appearance rather than health
-impact enjoyment and participation
-all to reach the feminine “ideal”
Cosmetic Fitness
The drive to participate in PA to look good
Factors impacting Sport participation for Women/ Girls: Trivialization of women’s sports
-based on assumption that “real” sports involve manly things (intimidation, violence)
-“women aren’t as good as men”
Factors impacting Sport participation for Women/ Girls: Traditional and Social Media Coverage
-don’t receive almost any media coverage
-all girls believed women sports should be on TV, 50% women, and even less men
-media focus on white, able bodied women
-women athletes are scrutinized for looks
Factors impacting Sport participation for Women/ Girls: Homophobia and the Threat of Being Labeled as a Lesbian
-think they will be called a lesbian since they are “masculine” and athletic while participating in certain sports
Gender Equity
-provide what is needed, not the exact same to all genders
Gender equity also addresses imbalance in
-benefits available to people of different genders
Gender Equity requires
-girls and women to be provided with a full range of activity and program choices that meet their needs, interests, experiences
Examination of sport and PA service providers is
Gender Equity
Gender equity focuses: hiring and recruitment practices
(women in leadership roles, to be role models)
Gender equity focuses: Resource Allocation
Determine how budgets are allocated (split) across programs
Gender equity focuses: Facility Bookings
Ensure girls and women have access to prime time slots and prime facilities
Gender equity focuses: participation Rates
Evaluate current programs and services to identify potential barriers, and to determine whether co-ed programs are really co-ed
Gender equity focuses: Activity Programming
Assess the types of activities offered for women and girls
Gender equity focuses: promotional Materials
Ensure girls and women are not being excluded or stereotyped in pictures or languages
Why increase quality and quantity of traditional and social media visibility of women’s sports:
-they are valuable
Generate fans/ revenue
-increase exposure to females
-portray success of women in sport
-supportive, inclusive, safe environment for girls to join and stay involved
