Module 5 (midterm 2) Flashcards
Income
Amount of money received through paid labour and/ or investments
Social Class
A grouping based on social factors, including income, wealth, education, and occupation
Social class implies a shared standing of living based off
Income, wealth, education, occupation
Social class impacts:
How much power and prestige individuals have
-people in the same class share similar life chances/ opportunities
People in the same social class share opportunities like:
Succeed, gain economic power, health, PA (or not)
Social classes exist:
In all industrial countries
Success is not always a direct result of:
How hard one works
-reflects Meritocracy (effort to outcome)
What are the social classes in Canada?
Upper, Middle (has an upper and lower), Lower
Upper Class:
-wealthiest and most powerful (corporate leaders whose decision affect job status)
-have control over their lives
-economic positions gives power to control others lives
EX) contribute to political parties who protect them
-own mainstream and social media companies that shape our perceptions of the world
Upper class can be Divided into: (2)
Old Money: inherited wealth, passed along to each generation
New Money: wealth earned by oneself
-less social connections than old money circles
Middle Class
-most tend to have a minimum of bachelors or two- year college degree
-work hard and have fairly comfortable lives
-white collar jobs, lower level managers, highly skilled blue collar workers
White Collar Workers:
-performs non0manual labor/ tasks (not physically demanding)
-usually salaried
-white shirts =easily soiled, distinguish workers who “don’t get their hands dirty”
Blue Collar Workers:
-perform manual labour
-hourly wage
Upper Middle Class
-bachelors or postgraduate degrees
-comfortable incomes, allowing holidays (cabin, boating, etc)
-children receive quality education
Lower Middle Class:
-bachelors or associates degree (2year community college)
-hold jobs supervised by upper middle class
-decent lifestyle but struggle to maintain it
=more likely to lose their jobs and thus their grip on being middle class
-also threatened in recent years by higher taxes, education costs, shelter costs
-called the “middle class squeeze” -can be squeezed out to lower class
Lower Class:
-less education and usually earn smaller income than middle class
Working Class: Blue Collared
-perform blue collar jobs requiring little skill or experience with benefits (holidays, sick days)
-perform routine tasks under close supervision
-blue collar work, hourly wage
-physically demanding (blue overalls)
Working Class: Pink Collared
-low paying, semi skilled positions traditionally held by women
-tailor, daycare worker, housecleaner, etc
-women in industrialized countries entered the workforce to earn their own income
-kept out of blue and white collars by physical requirements and discrimination
Working Poor:
-perform blue collar jobs requiring little skill or experience without benefits
-usually seasonal or temporary work -snow removal, farmhand, etc
-many have no graduated from high school
-even if they work full time, they earn less than living wage
Underclass:
-live mainly in inner cities
-unemployed or underemployed (low pay)
-homeless
-rely on gov assistance (food, meds, housing, etc)
Social Mobility
-ability to change social class positions
-a high degree of social mobility, upwards or downwards -suggests that equal opportunities exist for all people
Intergenerational mobility
differences is social classes between family generations
Intragenerational Mobility
differences in social classes between different members of the same generation
INTRA=same generation
Structural Mobility
societal changes enable a whole group of people to move within the social ladder
How does social mobility happen?
-if equality of opportunities exist, access to rewards would equal exactly ones personal efforts and talents/ abilities (merits) to achieve those rewards
Social class standing does not impact the relationship between
efforts/ merits and rewards
Does social class impact peoples PA
Yes -people in different social classes do not have equality of opportunities
-people in different social classes have different participation rates
Social Exclusivity (upper class)
Upper class Physical Activity
-encourage only a small number of “acceptable” participants
-private country clubs with expensive membership and strict requirements
-emphasizes wealthy and influential people deserve special places to play a sport
Conspicuous Consumption (upper class)
-using PA as a means of showing off privileged position
-personal training, expensive sport equipments
Control over time: flexibility in work hours (upper class)
-have flexibility to go boating, golfing, etc
-they can take time away from work
Sport and PA as “leisured” activity (upper class)
-aesthetic and/ or expensive team sports
-gymnastics, figure skating, archery, hockey
Team Sports (middle class)
-cheaper, higher number of players
-basketball, volleyball
-schools, community based
Structured Liesure Opportunities (middle class)
-sport and exercise are regulated around work times
-creates demand for weekend, evening, summer leisure, and early bird fitness
Home based PA (middle class)
CV strength training machines
PA in the Lower Class
-physical activity related to job
-reject workplace fitness programs
-parole sports (violence, physical strength, daring) -boxing
-team sports but informal
-watch WWE, esports
Why is there a focus on PA in the lower class
They are the least active
-need to create more quotable opportunities that are appropriately tailored
Barriers of PA in Low Income/ Low social class individuals
-costs
-work schedule (less time)
-daily needs
-unsafe, low walk ability neighborhoods
-low income neighborhood schools have less resources
-limited playground space
-more gang threats
Social Capital
Benefits derived from being social (happier, better health)
-relationships matter and social networks are valuable
Lower social capital is associated with
Lower PA levels
Within each low income/ social class area,
There are barriers to PA
-no simple strategy exists to address PA in populations like these
