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Perio > Module 6 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Module 6 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bacterium?

A

simpilest organisms and can be seen only through a microscope

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2
Q

Innocuous

A

bacteria that arent harmful

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3
Q

pathogenic

A

bacteria that are capable of causing disease

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4
Q

What is another term for pathogenic bacteria?

A

virulent bacteria

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5
Q

What are the most abuntant type of cells?

A

bacteria

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6
Q

What helps bacteria to adapt rapidly to changes in their environment?

A

they can repilcate quickly

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7
Q

What is the protective layer of bacteria

A

cell membrane

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8
Q

What is used to classify and ID bacteria

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

What color are gram positive bacteria

A

purple

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10
Q

what color are gram negative bacteria

A

red

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11
Q

What are characteristics of gram positive bacteria?

A
  • single thick cell membrane

- associated with healthy periodontium

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12
Q

what are characteristics of gram negative bacteria

A
  • double cell membranes

- important role in tissue destruction in perio

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13
Q

What are facultative anaerobic bacteria?

A

can exist either with or without oxygen

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14
Q

What is another name for free floating bacteria?

A

planktonic bacteria

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15
Q

What are the 2 bacterial lifestyles?

A

free floating or attached bacteria

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16
Q

What are attached bacterial communities described as?

A

they are described as living in a biofilm

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17
Q

Does an attached bacteria have a whole new set of characteristics from when it was a free floating bacteria?

A

Yes

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18
Q

what percentage of all bacteria on the earth live as attached

A

99%

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19
Q

Where do most bacteria live?

A

in complex communities called biofilm which are found everywhere in nature

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20
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

it is a living film containing a communitiy of bacteria that grows on a surface

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21
Q

Where can biofilms exist?

A

on any solid surface that is exposed to a bacteria containing fluid

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22
Q

What disease was a result of a bacterial biofilm in a hotels air conditioning system?

A

Leigonnaires disease

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23
Q

What percentage of diseases are estimated are biofilm induced

A

65

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24
Q

What are some biofilm induced diseases

A

TB, cystic fibrosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, perio disease

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25
Q

What are the 3 stages of a biofilm life cycle?

A

attachment, growth, detachment

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26
Q

What happens in the growth stage of the biofilm life cycle?

A

attached bacteria release substances to attract other bacteria to join the biofilm community

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27
Q

What is secreted and helps keep the bacteria attached to the surface and protect them in the growth stage of the biofilm life cycle?

A

extracellular slime layer

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28
Q

What does mature biofilm look like?

A

it is mushroom shaped

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29
Q

How does mature bacteria detach in the biofilm life cycle?

A

clumps break off and are carried away by the fluid surrounding the biofilm

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30
Q

What do detached clumps of biofilm do?

A

they can attach to other portions of a surface and form new colonies

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31
Q

How many different species and subspecies are capable of colonizing the mouth?

A

700

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32
Q

What kind of bacteria is presesnt in periodontally healthy sites

A

gram positive facultative rods and cocci

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33
Q

what percentage of gram-negative rods are found in periodontally healthy sites?

A

13%

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34
Q

Most of the bacteria in perio healthy sites are motile? T/F

A

false they are non motile

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35
Q

What do the bacteria found in chronic gingivitis consist of?

A

almost equal proportions of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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36
Q

What percentage of gram negative rods are found in chronic gingivitis?

A

40%

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37
Q

What bacteria are associated with periodontitis?

A

an enormous number of gram negative bacteria

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38
Q

How many bacteria can be cultured from an individual tooth surface in periodontitis?

A

100,000 to 100,000,000 bacteria

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39
Q

What percentage of gram negative rods comprise the bacteria in periodontitis?

A

74%

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40
Q

Chronic periodontitis is associated with what?

A

high proportions of gram negative and motile bacteria

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41
Q

Is the bacterial composition of perio the same in every patient and on every tooth?

A

no

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42
Q

What are the 3 designated periodontal pathogens?

A
  • A.actinomycetemocomitans
  • P. gingivalis
  • t. forsythia
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43
Q

What is aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strongly assoicated with?

A

aggresive periodontitis

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44
Q

What is aggregatibacter actinomycetmcomitans capable of?

A

evading normal host immune response and of destroying gingival connective tissue and bone

45
Q

What is the role of t. forsythia?

A

it distinguishes subjects with periodontitis from those who are periodontally healthy

46
Q

What is the most common species detected on or in the epithelial cells recovered from perio pockets?

A

T. forsythia

47
Q

The risk of perio attachment loss is higher in adolescents who are colonized by ______ than in those who do not have it

A

T. forsythia

48
Q

Where is p.gingivalis found?

A

in low numbers in health or gingivits but is more frequently detected in aggressive forms of periodontitis

49
Q

What species is found in increased numbers in subjects exhibiting periodontal disease progression?

A

p. gingivalis

50
Q

what bacteria is commonly seen in sites that have exhibited recurrence of disease or persistence of deep pockets?

A

porphyromonas gingivalis

51
Q

what can inhibit migration of leukocytes across an epithelial barrier?

A

porphyromonas gingivalis

52
Q

Is periodontal disease caused by one bacteria?

A

no they are caused by multiple bacteria/mixed infections

53
Q

Are periodontal diseased communicable ?**

A

no there is little or no evidence

54
Q

What are the five phases of dental plaque biofilm development?

A

1-formation of pellicle
2-attachment of early bacterial colonizers
3-coaggregation of additional bacterial colonizers
4-formation of an extracellular slime layer
5-mature biofilm

55
Q

What do mature biofilm have?

A

bacterial microcolonies that form complex groups with a primitive communication system and fluid channels

56
Q

The aquired pellile forms within minutes, what is its purpose?

A

to protect the enamel from acidic activity, alters the charge and energy of the tooth surface facilitating bacterial adhesion

57
Q

How long after pellicle formation does bacteria begin to attach?

A

within a few hours

58
Q

How is the extracellular slime layer produced?

A

the bacteria excrete it when it attaches

59
Q

after the tooth has been covered with the attached bacteria how does biofilm grow?

A

through cell division

60
Q

What are bacterial blooms?

A

periods when specific species or groups grow at rapidly accelerated rates

61
Q

what is the result of mustroom shaped colonies?

A

it allows complex collections of different bacteria to be linked to one another

62
Q

Are bacteria in biofilm distributed evenly?

A

no

63
Q

What does the extracellular slime layer do?

A

protects the bacterial microcolonies from antibiotics, antimicrobials, and the bodys immune system

64
Q

What influences the shape of the biofilm as well as the spatial arrangement?

A

fluid forces

65
Q

What happens when the biofilm extensions break free?

A

they can be swallowed, expectorated, or form new colonies in the mouth

66
Q

fluid forces also cause cell to cell collisions of the bacteria in the biofilm which and lead to what?

A

more rapid spread of genes among the bacteria than normal

67
Q

why is the bacterial biofilm very difficult to irradicate?

A

because of the continuous exchange of genetic information means the bacteria are continually evolving

68
Q

What do fluid channels do?

A

bring in nutrients and oxygen to the bacteria as well as carry waste away

69
Q

How do cells communicate with eachother?

A

by chemical signals

70
Q

How does biofilm develop?

A

by stacking one bacterial species on top of another

71
Q

what is coaggregation?

A

cell to cell adherence of one oral bacterium to another, is random

72
Q

the first bacteria to colonize the tooth are non pathogenic t/f

A

true

73
Q

What are some example of the early non pathogenic colonizing bacteria?

A

streptococcal mitis or oralis, actinomyces viscosus

74
Q

What are examples of the intermediate species of colonizers?

A

fusobacterium nucleatum

75
Q

can free floating bacteria cause perio disease?

A

no

76
Q

Where does the most pathogenic bacteria attach?

A

to the pocket epithelium

77
Q

3 to 12 weeks after supragingival biofilm starts to form what is happening?

A

subgingival biofilm is mature with gram negative anaerobic bacteria

78
Q

what are the zones of subgingival bacterial attachment

A

tooth surface and epithelial lining of the periodontal attachment

79
Q

What biofilm is the most detrimental to the periodontal tissues?

A

tissue associated plaque biofilm

80
Q

what is the primary cause of the destruction seen in periodontitis?

A

the bodys immune response to plaque biofilm

81
Q

the inflammation that causes most of the damage in periodontitis is what

A

a continuous low grade inflammation occuring 24 hours a day

82
Q

is it bacteria alone that causes perio disease?

A

no, is is the interplay between the bacteria and the host response that results in tisse destruction

83
Q

what is a virulence factor?

A

the mechanisms that enable biofilm bacteria to colonize and invade the tissues of teh periodontium

84
Q

what makes periodontitis mroe resistant to treatment?

A

the presence of bacteria in the tissues

85
Q

what are exotoxins

A

proteins released from the bacterial cell that act on host cells at a distance

86
Q

what are bacterial enzymes

A

agents that are harmful or destructive to host cells

87
Q

once released bacterial enzymes have the ability to

A
  • increase permeability of epithilial lining of sulcus
  • contribute to the breakdown of the collagen fibers in the gingival connective tissue
  • promote apical migration of the JE
  • widening of intracellular spaces
  • diminish ability of immunoglobulins or other body proteins to defend the host
88
Q

When do antimicrobial agents work best?

A

in conjunction with mechanical cleaning

89
Q

Antibiotics only work on what?

A

bacteria that are active and reproducing, not dormant bacteria

90
Q

control of bacteria in dental plaque biofilms is best achieved by

A

the physical disruption of plaque biofilm (brushing, flossing, and perio instrumentation)

91
Q

What is the host response?

A

the way that the body responds to perio pathogens

92
Q

what are biochemical mediators

A

immune cells that secrete biologically active compounds that activate the bodys inflammatory response

93
Q

what are cytokines?

A

powerful regulatory proteins released by the immune cells that influnce the behavior of other cells

94
Q

waht are some functions of cytokines?

A
  • recruit cells to infection site
  • increase vascular permeability
  • have the potiential to initate tissue destruction and bone loss in chronic inflammatory diseases
95
Q

what is a prostaglandin?

A

series of powerful biochemical mediator of which D, E, F, G, H, and I are the most important

96
Q

Which prostaglandin plays an important role in the bone destruction seen in perio?

A

prostaglandins of the E series

97
Q

What are 2 important sources of prostaglandins?

A

macrophages and PMNs

98
Q

What are functions of prostaglandins?

A
  • increase permeablity and dilation of blood vessels
  • trigger osteoclasts
  • promote overproduction of MMP enzymes
99
Q

what is the biggest thing to know about prostaglandins?

A

initiatie most of the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis

100
Q

What is MMP?

A

Matrix mealloproteinases are 12 different enzymes that break down teh connetive tissue matrix

101
Q

What are the major sources of MMP perio disease?

A

PMN and gingival fibroblasts

102
Q

What are the functions of MMPs

A
  • in health factilitate normal turnover of perio connetive tissue matrix
  • in infection, released to kill invading bacteria
  • overproduction breaks down connective tissue of periodontiium
103
Q

What is one of the most important things to know about MMPs

A

in the presence of increased MMP levels extensive collagen destruction occurs in the perio tissues

104
Q

What are the distinct stages in histologic development of gingivits and periodontitis?

A
  • early plaque biofilm accumulation
  • early gingivitis
  • established gingivits
  • periodontitis
105
Q

What are the steps in early bacterial accumulation phase in inflammatory perio disease?

A
  • initial bacterial colonization
  • initiation of host response
  • activation of complement system
  • outcome of host response
106
Q

In early gingivits:plaque biofilm overgrowth phase in inflammatory periodontal disease

A
  • pathogens invade connective tissue
  • migration and chemotaxis of PMN
  • Migration of additional cellular defenders
  • outcome of host response
107
Q

In established gingivits: subgingival plaque biofilm phase in inflammatory perio disease what are the steps?

A
  • establishment of subgingival plaque biofilm
  • migration of additional celluar defenders to site
  • outcome of host response
108
Q

what are the steps in periodontitis: tissue destruction phase?

A
  • bacterial pathogens flourish in biofilm
  • host response intensifies
  • destruction of perio tissues ensues
  • outcome of host response

Perio (11 decks)

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