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OCR Biology > Module 6: Cloning And Biotechnology > Flashcards

Module 6: Cloning And Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cloning?

A

Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism or cell.
Produced by asexual reproduction so no gametes are involved.

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2
Q

True or False: Cloning can occur naturally.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the primary purpose of biotechnology?

A

The primary purpose of biotechnology is to manipulate living organisms or their components to develop products and technologies.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of creating a genetically identical organism from a somatic cell is called __________ cloning.

A

somatic cell

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5
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is a unique type of cell that can develop into many different cell types in the body.

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6
Q

What technique is commonly used to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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7
Q

What is the main ethical concern associated with cloning?

A

The main ethical concern is the potential for loss of genetic diversity and the welfare of cloned animals.

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8
Q

True or False: All cloned organisms are genetically identical to their donors.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the term for the technique where a nucleus from a somatic cell is inserted into an egg cell?

A

Nuclear transfer

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10
Q

List one application of cloning in agriculture.

A

Cloning can be used to produce genetically identical plants with desirable traits.

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11
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Gene therapy is the technique of altering the genes inside an individual’s cells to treat or prevent disease.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a method of cloning that involves creating a copy of a DNA sequence.

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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13
Q

What is a clone?

A

A clone is an organism or cell that is genetically identical to another organism or cell.

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14
Q

True or False: Cloning is only performed on animals.

A

False

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15
Q

What is the significance of Dolly the sheep in the context of cloning?

A

Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating that specialized cells could be used to create a clone.

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16
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

A transgenic organism is one that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a technique used to create a population of genetically identical plants from a single parent plant.

A

Tissue culture

18
Q

What are the two main types of cloning?

A

Reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.

19
Q

True or False: Cloning can be used to produce organs for transplantation.

A

True

20
Q

What is the role of plasmids in genetic engineering?

A

Plasmids are used as vectors to transfer genetic material into host cells.

21
Q

What is the term for the process of using living organisms to produce useful products?

A

Bioprocessing

22
Q

What is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)?

A

SCNT is a cloning technique where the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated egg cell.

23
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ refers to the use of microorganisms to break down pollutants in the environment.

A

Bioremediation

24
Q

What is one potential benefit of cloning endangered species?

A

Cloning endangered species may help increase their population and prevent extinction.

25
Q

What is the term for the DNA sequence that is recognized and cut by restriction enzymes?

A

Restriction site

26
Q

True or False: Cloning can only be performed in a laboratory setting.

A

False

27
Q

How should a plant cutting be taken for cloning?

A

Stem is cut between leaf and nodes. Replanted and allowed to grow, sometimes using plant hormones too.

28
Q

How can we produce artificial clones of plants?

A
  1. Tissue culture - sample placed on various nutrient containing mediums to encourage cell division and shoot growth.
  2. Micropropagation - material produced from tissue culture is rapidly multiplied to produce a large no. plants.
29
Q

Evaluate the use of artificial cloning in plants.

A

Large no. plants can be produced regardless of weather conditions.
Reduces genetic variation, making them susceptible to disease.

30
Q

Evaluate the use of artificial cloning in plants.

A

Large no. plants can be produced regardless of weather conditions.
Reduces genetic variation, making them susceptible to disease.

31
Q

Example of natural animal cloning?

A

Monozygotic twins - embryo splits to produce 2 genetically identical individuals.

32
Q

2 ways to produce artificial clones for animals?

A
  1. Somatic cell nuclear transfer - differentiated cell from parent fuses with enucleated egg cell. This cell develops into an embryo which is inserted back into womb.
  2. Embryo splitting - same processes where twins form, but artificially.
33
Q

Describe the technique used to culture organisms.

A

Aseptic technique - everything must be sterile to prevent unwanted microorganisms in culture.

34
Q

Summarise 3 steps of growing microorganisms.

A
  1. Sterilisation- part of aseptic technique.
  2. Inoculation - microorganisms spread in agar by spreading in lines.
  3. Intubation - placed in warm environment to grow for 24-48 hours.
35
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring arise from a single organism so they are genetically identical. Doesn’t involve fusion of gametes.

36
Q

Describe some examples of asexual reproduction.

A

Binary fission - parent cell simply divides into two like bacteria.
Spores - special cells released by the parent become new organisms. Fungi.
Fragmentation - severed body parts grown into new organisms. Sea stars.

37
Q

Explain the method to produce natural plant clones.

A

Vegetative propagation - new plant grows from sections of roots stems or leaves which are cut off from parent.

38
Q

List the advantages of vegetative propagation.

A

The plants cultivated are genetically identical to their parents.
Plants can be cultivated faster as compared to growing them from seeds.

39
Q

Cons of vegetative propagation?

A

Vegetative propagated plants are short-lived, small compared to seed propagated plants
No new varieties can be produced
Skilled persons are required and often expensive compared to seed propagation
More susceptible to diseases as the entire plant may get affected as there is no genetic variation

40
Q

Pros and cons of sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual - high genetic variability, adaptation.
Courtship is time/resource consuming.
Asexual - saves energy, courtship is non issue. Low genetic variability, adaptation to environment is difficult.

OCR Biology (11 decks)

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